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had supported himself

  • 1 detineo

    dē-tĭnĕo, tĭnŭi, tentum, 2, v. a. [teneo], to hold off, keep back, detain.
    I.
    Lit. (class.):

    nos de nostro negotio,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 190:

    aliquem ab aliquo incepto studioque,

    Sall. C. 4, 2:

    aliquem apud villam,

    Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 13: so,

    aliquem,

    id. Men. 4, 2, 22; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 49; Lentul. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 5 (with demorari), Caes. B. C. 2, 17, 3 Oud. N. cr.; Liv. 4, 55 (opp. concire); Verg. A. 2, 788; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 5:

    me grata compede Myrtale,

    id. Od. 1, 33, 14; Ov. M. 13, 301 et saep.:

    novissimos proelio,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 75, 4; cf.:

    Hannibalem quam acerrimo bello,

    Liv. 27, 12:

    se miserandis alimentis detinuerat,

    had supported himself, Tac. A. 6, 23:

    naves tempestatibus detinebantur,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 12 fin.; cf.:

    rates voce canora,

    Ov. A. A. 3, 311:

    iter iratae anguis (cantus),

    Tib. 1, 8, 20:

    illum ne discederet,

    Vulg. Luc. 4, 42.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    In gen. ( poet.), to delay, i. e. lengthen:

    euntem multa loquendo Detinuit sermone diem,

    Ov. M. 1, 683; cf.

    tempus,

    id. Pont. 4, 10, 67.—
    B.
    Esp., to occupy, engage (also class.):

    in alienis negotiis detineri,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 45, 132; cf. Quint. 10, 5, 17:

    in contumelia,

    Tac. A. 13, 36 fin.:

    in admiratione sui,

    Suet. Ner. 52:

    manus in lyricis modis,

    Ov. F. 5, 386:

    mentes hominum circa alia,

    Plin. H. N. 14 prooem. §

    4: animum studiis,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 7, 39:

    oculos (mea poëmata),

    id. ib. 2, 520; cf. Quint. 9, 2, 63:

    animos in timore,

    Hirt. B. Afr. 72, 3.—
    C.
    To hold in the mind, know:

    veritatem Dei in injustitia,

    Vulg. Rom. 1, 18.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > detineo

  • 2 support

    support [sə'pɔ:t]
    1 noun
    (a) (backing) soutien m, appui m;
    support for the Socialist Party is declining le parti socialiste est en baisse ou en perte de vitesse;
    the rebels have little support les rebelles bénéficient d'un soutien limité;
    there is widespread support for the government/these policies le gouvernement bénéficie/ces politiques bénéficient d'un très large soutien;
    he's trying to drum up or to mobilize support for his scheme il essaie d'obtenir du soutien pour son projet;
    to give or to lend one's support to sth appuyer ou soutenir qch;
    she gave us her full support elle nous a pleinement appuyés;
    you have my full support on this je vous soutiens à cent pour cent, vous pouvez compter sur mon soutien inconditionnel;
    to speak in support of a motion appuyer une motion;
    they are striking in support of the miners ils font grève par solidarité avec les mineurs;
    a collection in support of the homeless une quête au profit des sans-abri;
    insufficient air for the support of life air en quantité insuffisante pour permettre la vie
    (b) (assistance, encouragement) appui m, aide f;
    I couldn't have managed without the support of the neighbours je n'aurais pas pu y arriver sans l'appui des voisins;
    a mutual support scheme un système d'entraide;
    she gave me the emotional support I needed elle m'a apporté le soutien affectif dont j'avais besoin
    (c) (funding) appui m, soutien m;
    they depend on the government for financial support ils sont subventionnés par le gouvernement;
    with (financial) support from the council avec l'appui ou le soutien (financier) du conseil;
    he has no visible means of support ses sources de revenus sont inconnues;
    what are your means of support? quelles sont vos sources de revenus?;
    she is their only means of support ils n'ont qu'elle pour les faire vivre
    (d) (holding up) soutien m;
    the upper floors need extra support les étages supérieurs ont besoin d'un soutien supplémentaire;
    I was holding his arm for support je m'appuyais sur son bras;
    this bra gives good support ce soutien-gorge maintient bien la poitrine
    (e) (person) soutien m;
    she's been a great support to me elle m'a été d'un grand soutien;
    she is the support of the family (financially) c'est elle qui fait vivre la famille
    (f) (supporting structure, prop) appui m; Building industry & Technology support m; Medicine (bandage) bandage m de maintien;
    the steel supports had buckled les supports en acier s'étaient déformés
    (g) (substantiation, corroboration) corroboration f;
    in support of her theory à l'appui de ou pour corroborer sa théorie;
    the investigation found no support for this view l'enquête n'a rien trouvé pour corroborer ce point de vue;
    this discovery lends support to those who have argued… cette découverte va dans le sens de ceux qui soutiennent que…
    farm supports subventions fpl agricoles
    (i) Cinema (supporting actor) second rôle m; Music groupe m en première partie
    (a) (troops, unit) de soutien
    (b) (hose, stockings) de maintien; (bandage) de soutien
    (c) Building industry & Technology (structure, device, frame) de soutien
    (a) (back → action, campaign, person) soutenir, appuyer; (→ cause, idea) être pour, soutenir; Military (→ troops) soutenir; Sport (→ team) être pour; (actively) être supporter de; (assist → person) soutenir, aider;
    she supports the Labour Party elle est pour ou elle soutient le parti travailliste;
    to support a candidate appuyer ou soutenir un candidat;
    I can't support their action je ne peux pas approuver leur action;
    we support her in her decision nous approuvons sa décision;
    the Democrats will support the bill les Démocrates seront pour ou appuieront le projet de loi;
    the mayor, supported by the clergy le maire, avec le soutien du clergé;
    he supports Tottenham c'est un supporter de Tottenham;
    he made it with only her love to support him il a réussi avec son amour comme seul soutien;
    Cinema & Theatre supported by a superb cast avec une distribution superbe
    (b) (hold up) supporter, soutenir;
    the pillars that support the ceiling les piliers qui soutiennent le plafond;
    her legs were too weak to support her ses jambes étaient trop faibles pour la porter;
    he supported himself on a stick/my arm il s'appuyait sur un bâton/mon bras;
    will you support the shelf while I fix it to the wall? tu peux tenir l'étagère le temps ou pendant que je la fixe au mur?;
    she held on to the table to support herself elle s'agrippa à la table pour ne pas tomber
    (c) (provide for financially → person) subvenir aux besoins de; (→ campaign, project) aider financièrement;
    she has three children to support elle a trois enfants à charge;
    she earns enough to support herself elle gagne assez pour subvenir à ses propres besoins;
    he supports himself by teaching il gagne sa vie en enseignant;
    his parents supported him through college ses parents ont financé ses études;
    the theatre is supported by contributions le théâtre est financé par des contributions
    (d) (sustain) faire vivre;
    the land has supported four generations of tribespeople cette terre a fait vivre la tribu pendant quatre générations;
    the atmosphere on the planet could not support life l'atmosphère de la planète ne permettrait pas le développement d'êtres vivants
    (e) (substantiate, give weight to) appuyer, confirmer, donner du poids à;
    there is no evidence to support his claim il n'y a aucune preuve pour appuyer ses dires;
    a theory supported by experience une théorie confirmée par l'expérience
    (f) Finance (price, currency) soutenir
    (g) Computing (file format, device, technology) permettre l'utilisation de, supporter;
    this package is supported by all workstations ce progiciel peut être utilisé sur tous les postes de travail
    (h) (endure) supporter, tolérer
    ►► support band groupe m en première partie;
    who was the support band? qui est-ce qu'il y avait en première partie?;
    (a) (for therapy) groupe m de soutien
    (b) (at concert) groupe m en première partie;
    Computing support line assistance f technique téléphonique;
    support price prix m de soutien;
    Administration support services services mpl d'assistance technique;
    support staff personnel m de soutien ou des services généraux

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > support

  • 3 Д-338

    В ДУРАКАХ (В ДУРАХ obs) быть*,, остаться, оставить кого и т. п. coll PrepP these forms only subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or obj-compl with оставить ( obj: human or collect)) (to be, end up, put s.o.) in a stupid, ludicrous situation
    X остался в дураках - X made a fool (an ass, a jackass, a monkey) (out) of himself
    X was made a fool (an ass) of X ended up looking like a fool X ended up with egg on his face
    Y оставил X-a в дураках = Y made a fool (an ass, a jackass, a monkey) (out) of X
    Y left X with egg on X% face.
    Депутаты считали, что Дессер остался в дураках: поддерживал Народный фронт, хотел предотвратить войну резолюциями Лиги наций (Эренбург 4). The deputies thought he (Desser) had made a fool of himself, he had supported the Popular front and wanted to prevent war with airy resolutions by the League of Nations (4a).
    «...Неужели вы думаете, что кампания кончена?» - «Я вот что думаю. Австрия осталась в дурах, а она к этому не привыкла. И она отплатит» (Толстой 4). "...Do you really think the campaign is over?" "This is what I think. Austria has been made a fool of, and she is not used to it. She will retaliate" (4a).
    Говорят, что... была у них (двух таможенных чиновников) ссора за какую-то бабёнку... но что оба чиновника были в дураках и бабенкой воспользовался какой-то штабс-капитан Шамшарёв (Гоголь 3). It is said...that they (the two customs officials) had quarrelled violently over some young woman...but that she had made fools of both customs officials and some Major Shamsharyov had got the pretty creature in the end (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Д-338

  • 4 в дураках

    В ДУРАКАХ ( в ДУРАХ obj) быть, остаться, оставить кого и т.п. coll
    [PrepP; these forms only; subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or obj-compl with оставить (obj: human or collect)]
    =====
    (to be, end up, put s.o.) in a stupid, ludicrous situation:
    - X остался в дураках X made a fool (an ass, a jackass, a monkey) (out) of himself;
    || Y оставил X-a в дураках Y made a fool (an ass, a jackass, a monkey) (out) of X;
    - Y left X with egg on X's face.
         ♦ Депутаты считали, что Дессер остался в дураках: поддерживал Народный фронт, хотел предотвратить войну резолюциями Лиги наций (Эренбург 4). The deputies thought he [Desser] had made a fool of himself; he had supported the Popular front and wanted to prevent war with airy resolutions by the League of Nations (4a).
         ♦ "...Неужели вы думаете, что кампания кончена?" - "Я вот что думаю. Австрия осталась в дурах, а она к этому не привыкла. И она отплатит" (Толстой 4). "...Do you really think the campaign is over?" "This is what I think. Austria has been made a fool of, and she is not used to it. She will retaliate" (4a).
         ♦ Говорят, что... была у них [двух таможенных чиновников] ссора за какую-то бабёнку... но что оба чиновника были в дураках и бабенкой воспользовался какой-то штабс-капитан Шамшарёв (Гоголь 3). It is said...that they [the two customs officials] had quarrelled violently over some young woman...but that she had made fools of both customs officials and some Major Shamsharyov had got the pretty creature in the end (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в дураках

  • 5 в дурах

    В ДУРАКАХ( в ДУРАХ obj) быть, остаться, оставить кого и т.п. coll
    [PrepP; these forms only; subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or obj-compl with оставить (obj: human or collect)]
    =====
    (to be, end up, put s.o.) in a stupid, ludicrous situation:
    - X остался в дураках X made a fool (an ass, a jackass, a monkey) (out) of himself;
    || Y оставил X-a в дураках Y made a fool (an ass, a jackass, a monkey) (out) of X;
    - Y left X with egg on X's face.
         ♦ Депутаты считали, что Дессер остался в дураках: поддерживал Народный фронт, хотел предотвратить войну резолюциями Лиги наций (Эренбург 4). The deputies thought he [Desser] had made a fool of himself; he had supported the Popular front and wanted to prevent war with airy resolutions by the League of Nations (4a).
         ♦ "...Неужели вы думаете, что кампания кончена?" - "Я вот что думаю. Австрия осталась в дурах, а она к этому не привыкла. И она отплатит" (Толстой 4). "...Do you really think the campaign is over?" "This is what I think. Austria has been made a fool of, and she is not used to it. She will retaliate" (4a).
         ♦ Говорят, что... была у них [двух таможенных чиновников] ссора за какую-то бабёнку... но что оба чиновника были в дураках и бабенкой воспользовался какой-то штабс-капитан Шамшарёв (Гоголь 3). It is said...that they [the two customs officials] had quarrelled violently over some young woman...but that she had made fools of both customs officials and some Major Shamsharyov had got the pretty creature in the end (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в дурах

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 cargar

    v.
    1 to load (llenar) (vehículo, arma, cámara).
    cargar algo de to load something with
    cargar algo en un barco/en un camión to load something onto a ship/onto a lorry
    cargar algo demasiado to overload something
    cargar las tintas (figurative) to exaggerate, to lay it on thick
    Pedro cargaba los camiones en la noche Peter loaded up the trucks at night
    2 to give (responsabilidad, tarea).
    siempre le cargan de trabajo they always give him far too much work to do
    Missy cargó la batería Missy charged the battery.
    Pedro cargó la cuenta Peter charged the account.
    4 to bug (informal) (molestar). (peninsular Spanish)
    me carga su pedantería his pretentiousness really gets on my nerves
    5 to carry, to bear, to take the weight of, to bear in arms.
    Bernardo cargó a María Bernardo carried Mary.
    6 to fill, to load.
    Missy cargó su bolso con recuerdos Missy filled her bag with souvenirs.
    7 to make heavier by overloading, to overload.
    La aerolínea cargó el avión The airline overloaded the plane.
    8 to mount.
    Cargar el revólver Mount the gun.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ LLEGAR], like link=llegar llegar
    1 (poner peso) to load
    2 (arma, máquina de fotos) to load
    3 ELECTRICIDAD to charge
    4 (pluma etc) to fill
    5 (precio) to charge; (en cuenta) to debit
    nos cargaron un 7% de IVA we were charged 7% VAT
    6 figurado (poner muchas cosas) to fill (de, with), cram (de, with)
    7 figurado (trabajo) to burden with, lumber with; (responsabilidad) to burden (de, with); (culpa) to put on, lay on
    8 familiar figurado (molestar) to bother, annoy
    9 DERECHO to charge
    10 INFORMÁTICA to load
    11 MILITAR to charge
    12 (naipes) to trump; (dados) to load
    1 (gen) to load
    2 (batería) to charge
    3 (toro, elefante, etc) to charge
    4 (atacar) to charge (contra/sobre, -)
    5 cargar con (algo que pesa) to carry; (una obligación) to shoulder, take on
    1 (llenarse) to load oneself (de, with)
    2 (el cielo) to get cloudy, become overcast
    3 ELECTRICIDAD to become charged
    5 familiar (destrozar) to smash, ruin
    6 familiar (matar) to knock off
    \
    cargar algo en la cuenta de alguien COMERCIO to debit somebody's account with something
    cargar con alguien figurado to take charge of somebody
    cargar con el muerto familiar to be left holding the baby 2 (ser culpado) to get the blame
    cargar con la culpa to take the blame
    cargar con la responsabilidad to take the responsibility
    cargar con las consecuencias to suffer the consequences
    cargar la mano de algo familiar (poner mucho) to add too much (of) something
    cargar las culpas a alguien to put the blame on somebody
    cargarse de algo figurado to weigh oneself down with something, saddle oneself with something, burden oneself with something
    cargarse de paciencia to summon up one's patience
    cargárselas familiar to get into trouble
    te las vas a cargar you'll get into trouble, you're in for it
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ peso] (=echar) to load; (=llevar) to carry
    2) (=llenar)
    a) [+ vehículo, pistola, lavadora, cámara] to load
    b) (=llenar de combustible) [+ mechero, pluma] to fill; [+ batería, pilas] to charge; [+ horno] to stoke
    c) [en exceso]

    has cargado la sopa de salyou've overdone the salt o put too much salt in the soup

    d) [+ imaginación, mente] to fill
    e) (Inform) to load
    3) (=cobrar)
    a) [en cuenta] to charge
    b) [+ contribución] to charge for; [+ impuesto] to levy
    4) (=hacer recaer)

    cargar las culpas (de algo) a algn — to blame sb (for sth), put the blame (for sth) on sb

    cargar la culpabilidad en o sobre algn — to hold sb responsible, put the blame on sb

    5) (=agobiar)

    cargar a algn de algo: el ser campeones nos carga de responsabilidad — being champions places a lot of responsibility on our shoulders

    6) (=acusar) to charge, accuse

    cargar algo a algn, cargar a algn con algo — to charge sb with sth, accuse sb of sth

    cargar a algn de poco escrupuloso — to accuse sb of being unscrupulous, charge sb with being unscrupulous

    7) (=soportar) [+ culpa] to take; [+ responsabilidad] to accept; [+ carga] to shoulder
    8) * (=fastidiar)

    esto me cargathis gets on my nerves *, this bugs me *

    9) * (=suspender) to fail
    10) (Mil) (=atacar) to charge, attack
    11) (Náut) [+ vela] to take in
    12) [+ dados] to load
    13) LAm (=llevar)

    ¿cargas dinero? — have you got any money on you?

    14) And, Cono Sur [perro] to attack, go for
    2. VI
    1) (=echar carga) (Aut) to load up; (Náut) to take on cargo
    2)

    cargar con —

    a) [+ objeto] (=levantar) to pick up; (=llevar) to carry
    b) [+ culpa, responsabilidad] to take; [+ consecuencias] to suffer
    3) (=atacar)

    cargar sobre algn(=presionar) to urge sb, press sb; (=molestar) to pester sb

    4) (=apoyarse)

    cargar en o sobre algo — [persona] to lean on o against sth; [muro, bóveda] to rest on sth, be supported by sth

    5) (Ling) [acento] to fall (en, sobre on)
    6) (Meteo) to turn, veer (a to) ( hacia towards)
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <barco/avión/camión> to load
    b) <pistola/escopeta> to load; <pluma/encendedor> to fill; < cámara> to load, put a film in
    c) (Elec) to charge
    2)
    a) < mercancías> to load
    b) < combustible> to fuel

    tengo que cargar nafta — (RPl) I have to fill up with gasoline (AmE) o (BrE) petrol

    c) (Inf) to load
    3)
    b) < culpa> (+ me/te/le etc)

    me cargaron la culpathey put o laid the blame on me

    4) ( llevar)
    a) <paquetes/bolsas> to carry; < niño> (AmL) to carry
    b) (AmL exc RPl) < armas> to carry
    c) (Ven fam) ( llevar puesto) to wear; ( tener consigo)
    5) ( a una cuenta) to charge

    me lo cargaron en cuenta or lo cargaron a mi cuenta — they charged it to my account

    6)
    a) (Esp fam) profesor to fail, flunk (AmE colloq)
    b) (Méx fam) ( matar) to kill
    2.
    cargar vi
    1)

    cargar con algo: tiene que cargar con todo el peso de la casa she has to shoulder all the responsibility for the household; acabó cargando con la culpa — he ended up taking the blame

    2) tropas/policía
    3) batería to charge
    4) (fam) (+ me/te/le etc) ( fastidiar)
    5)
    a) pilas/flash to charge; partícula to become charged
    b) (de peso, obligaciones)

    cargarse de algo: no te cargues de equipaje don't take too much luggage; cargarse de responsabilidades to take on a lot of responsibilities; se cargó de deudas he saddled himself with debts; ya se ha cargado de hijos — she's had too many children

    6)
    a) (fam) ( matar) to kill
    b) (Esp fam) (romper, estropear) < motor> to wreck; < jarrón> to smash

    cargársela(s) — (fam)

    c) (enf) (Esp fam) ( suspender) profesor to fail, flunk (AmE colloq)
    * * *
    = encumber, upload, load, burden, debit, charge.
    Ex. If the copy price is entered, the system will encumber the appropriate binding fund.
    Ex. Once the data has been edited, the user can go online again to upload this amended file to the host computer.
    Ex. This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.
    Ex. Libraries that aren't burdened by millions of volumes do not need subject heading lists prepared for million-volume libraries.
    Ex. An acquisitions file is intended to indicate the status of each title on order, together with information on its ordering (supplier, date etc., for whom it was ordered, and the heading or budget to which the cost is to be debited).
    Ex. Each donkey drawn cart is provided with a solar unit installed on the roof; a battery charged by this solar energy supplies the electric power.
    ----
    * acabar cargando con Algo = wind up with + Nombre.
    * cargar con = saddle with.
    * cargar con ello = live with it.
    * cargar con la responsabilidad = shoulder + the burden, shoulder + the responsibility.
    * cargar con las consecuencias = bear + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * cargar de electricidad = charge with + electricity.
    * cargar el mochuelo = pass + the bucket.
    * cargar el muerto = pass + the bucket.
    * cargar información = load + information.
    * que se carga por la boca = muzzle-loading.
    * tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.
    * volver a cargar = reload.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <barco/avión/camión> to load
    b) <pistola/escopeta> to load; <pluma/encendedor> to fill; < cámara> to load, put a film in
    c) (Elec) to charge
    2)
    a) < mercancías> to load
    b) < combustible> to fuel

    tengo que cargar nafta — (RPl) I have to fill up with gasoline (AmE) o (BrE) petrol

    c) (Inf) to load
    3)
    b) < culpa> (+ me/te/le etc)

    me cargaron la culpathey put o laid the blame on me

    4) ( llevar)
    a) <paquetes/bolsas> to carry; < niño> (AmL) to carry
    b) (AmL exc RPl) < armas> to carry
    c) (Ven fam) ( llevar puesto) to wear; ( tener consigo)
    5) ( a una cuenta) to charge

    me lo cargaron en cuenta or lo cargaron a mi cuenta — they charged it to my account

    6)
    a) (Esp fam) profesor to fail, flunk (AmE colloq)
    b) (Méx fam) ( matar) to kill
    2.
    cargar vi
    1)

    cargar con algo: tiene que cargar con todo el peso de la casa she has to shoulder all the responsibility for the household; acabó cargando con la culpa — he ended up taking the blame

    2) tropas/policía
    3) batería to charge
    4) (fam) (+ me/te/le etc) ( fastidiar)
    5)
    a) pilas/flash to charge; partícula to become charged
    b) (de peso, obligaciones)

    cargarse de algo: no te cargues de equipaje don't take too much luggage; cargarse de responsabilidades to take on a lot of responsibilities; se cargó de deudas he saddled himself with debts; ya se ha cargado de hijos — she's had too many children

    6)
    a) (fam) ( matar) to kill
    b) (Esp fam) (romper, estropear) < motor> to wreck; < jarrón> to smash

    cargársela(s) — (fam)

    c) (enf) (Esp fam) ( suspender) profesor to fail, flunk (AmE colloq)
    * * *
    = encumber, upload, load, burden, debit, charge.

    Ex: If the copy price is entered, the system will encumber the appropriate binding fund.

    Ex: Once the data has been edited, the user can go online again to upload this amended file to the host computer.
    Ex: This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.
    Ex: Libraries that aren't burdened by millions of volumes do not need subject heading lists prepared for million-volume libraries.
    Ex: An acquisitions file is intended to indicate the status of each title on order, together with information on its ordering (supplier, date etc., for whom it was ordered, and the heading or budget to which the cost is to be debited).
    Ex: Each donkey drawn cart is provided with a solar unit installed on the roof; a battery charged by this solar energy supplies the electric power.
    * acabar cargando con Algo = wind up with + Nombre.
    * cargar con = saddle with.
    * cargar con ello = live with it.
    * cargar con la responsabilidad = shoulder + the burden, shoulder + the responsibility.
    * cargar con las consecuencias = bear + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * cargar de electricidad = charge with + electricity.
    * cargar el mochuelo = pass + the bucket.
    * cargar el muerto = pass + the bucket.
    * cargar información = load + information.
    * que se carga por la boca = muzzle-loading.
    * tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.
    * volver a cargar = reload.

    * * *
    cargar [A3 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹barco/avión/camión› to load
    cargaron el camión con 20 toneladas de fruta they loaded the truck with 20 tons of fruit, they loaded 20 tons of fruit onto the truck
    2 ‹pistola/escopeta› to load; ‹pluma/encendedor› to fill; ‹cámara› to load, put a film in
    cargó la lavadora he loaded the washing machine, he put the washing in the machine
    cargué la estufa de leña I put some wood in the stove, I filled the stove with wood
    no cargues tanto ese baúl don't put so much into that trunk, don't fill that trunk so full
    3 ‹batería/pila› to charge; ‹condensador/partícula› to charge
    4 ( Inf) ‹programa/aplicación› to load; (subir) to upload
    B
    1 ‹mercancías› to load
    cargaron los muebles en el camión they loaded the furniture into/onto the truck
    2 ‹combustible› to fuel
    el avión hizo escala en Roma para cargar combustible the plane stopped in Rome to refuel
    tengo que cargar nafta ( RPl); I have to fill up with gasoline ( AmE) o ( BrE) petrol
    C
    lo cargaron de responsabilidades they gave him a lot of responsibility o burdened him with responsibility
    2 ‹culpa› (+ me/te/le etc):
    quieren cargarme la culpa de lo que pasó they're trying to put o lay the blame on me o they're trying to blame me for what happened
    3
    ( Chi fam) cargar algo A algo: carga sus cuadros al azul she uses a lot of blue in her paintings
    1 ‹paquetes/bolsas› to carry; ‹niño› ( AmL) to carry
    te cargo en mi mente ( liter); you're in my thoughts
    2
    ( Ven fam) (tener consigo): cargo las llaves I have the keys on o with me
    ¿cargas carro? do you have the car with you?
    3 ( Chi) ‹armas› to carry
    4 ( Ven fam) (llevar puesto) to wear
    cargaba una camisa azul he was wearing a blue shirt
    siempre carga una sonrisa de felicidad she always wears o has a happy smile
    5 ( Ven fam) ‹fama› to have
    carga una fama de ladrón he has a reputation as a thief
    E (a una cuenta) to charge
    me lo cargaron en cuenta or lo cargaron a mi cuenta they charged it to my account
    F
    1 ( Esp fam) «profesor» to fail, flunk ( AmE colloq)
    2 ( Méx fam) (matar) to kill
    3 ( RPl fam) (tomar el pelo a) to tease
    lo cargan porque está tan gordo they tease him o ( colloq) poke fun at him because he's so fat
    sabía que me estaban cargando I knew they were pulling my leg ( colloq), I knew they were putting ( AmE) o ( BrE) having me on ( colloq)
    4 (Ur fam) ‹mujer› to try to pick … up ( colloq)
    G «toro» to mount, cover
    ■ cargar
    vi
    A
    2 (con una responsabilidad) cargar CON algo:
    tiene que cargar con todo el peso de la casa she has to shoulder all the responsibility for the household
    vaya a donde vaya tiene que cargar con los niños wherever she goes she has to take the children with her
    acabó cargando con la culpa he ended up taking the blame
    3 ( Arquit) cargar SOBRE algo to rest ON sth
    la cúpula carga sobre estas cuatro columnas the dome rests on o is supported by these four columns
    4 ( Indum):
    cargar a la derecha/izquierda to dress to the right/left
    B
    1 «tropas/policía» to charge cargar CONTRA algn to charge ON o AT sb
    la policía cargó contra los manifestantes the police charged on o at the demonstrators
    2 «toro» to charge
    C «batería» to charge
    D ( fam) (+ me/te/le etc)
    (fastidiar): me cargan los fanfarrones como él I can't stand show-offs like him, show-offs like him really annoy me o ( colloq) get on my nerves
    me carga levantarme temprano I hate o can't stand getting up early
    A
    1 «pilas/flash» to charge; «partícula» to become charged
    2 (de peso, obligaciones) cargarse DE algo:
    no te cargues de equipaje don't take too much luggage, don't weigh yourself down with luggage
    se había cargado de responsabilidades he had taken on a lot of responsibilities
    se cargó de deudas he saddled himself with debts, he got deep into debt
    a los pocos años ya se había cargado de hijos within a few years she already had several children
    B
    1 ( Esp fam) (romper, estropear) ‹motor› to wreck; ‹jarrón› to smash
    se han cargado el pueblo they've ruined the village
    cargársela(s) ( fam): si no me dices dónde está te las vas a cargar if you don't tell me where it is you'll be for it o you'll get what for o you'll be in trouble ( colloq)
    2 ( enf) ( Esp fam) «profesor» to fail, flunk ( AmE colloq)
    3 ( fam) (matar) to kill
    C ( Chi fam)
    1 (inclinarse, propender) cargarse A algo:
    se cargan a la flojera they tend to be lazy
    * * *

     

    cargar ( conjugate cargar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a)barco/avión/camión to load;


    no cargues tanto el coche don't put so much in the car
    b)pistola/escopeta to load;

    pluma/encendedor to fill;
    cámara to load, put a film in
    c) (Elec) to charge

    2

    b) combustible to fuel;

    tengo que cargar nafta (RPl) I have to fill up with gasoline (AmE) o (BrE) petrol

    c) (Inf) to load

    3 ( de obligaciones) cargar a algn de algo to burden sb with sth;
    me cargaron la culpa they put o laid the blame on me

    4
    a)paquetes/bolsas to carry;

    niño› (AmL) to carry
    b) (AmL exc RPl) ‹ armas to carry

    c) (Ven fam) ( llevar puesto) to wear;

    ( tener consigo):

    5 ( a una cuenta) to charge
    6 (Méx fam) ( matar) to kill
    verbo intransitivo
    1 cargar con algo ‹ con bulto to carry sth;

    2 cargar contra algn [tropas/policía] to charge on o at sb
    3 [ batería] to charge
    4 (fam) ( fastidiar):

    cargarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) [pilas/flash] to charge;

    [ partícula] to become charged
    b) cargarse de algo ‹de bolsas/equipaje› to load oneself down with sth;

    de responsabilidades› to take on a lot of sth;
    de deudas› to saddle oneself with sth
    2
    a) (fam) ( matar) to kill

    b) (Esp fam) ‹ motor to wreck;

    jarrón to smash
    cargar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to load: cargó al niño en brazos, she took the boy in her arms
    2 (un mechero, una pluma) to fill
    3 (poner carga eléctrica) to charge
    4 (atribuir algo negativo) cargar a alguien con las culpas, to put the blame on sb
    le cargan la responsabilidad a su padre, they put the blame on his father
    5 Com to charge: cárguelo a mi cuenta, charge it to my account
    6 familiar Educ to fail
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (soportar, hacerse cargo) to lumber [con, with]: carga con la casa y con la suegra, she has to do all the housework as well as having to take care of her mother-in-law
    figurado cargar con las consecuencias, to suffer the consequences
    2 (llevar un peso) to carry: siempre carga con lo más pesado, he always takes the heaviest
    3 (arremeter, atacar) to charge [contra, against]
    ' cargar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gravar
    - pila
    - tinta
    - muerto
    English:
    burden
    - charge
    - debit
    - download
    - hump
    - land
    - load
    - load up
    - lumber
    - shoulder
    - weigh down
    - bear
    - boot
    - carry
    - cart
    - encumber
    - pin
    - rap
    - recharge
    - top
    - up
    * * *
    vt
    1. [vehículo] to load;
    cargar algo de to load sth with;
    cargar algo en un barco/en un camión to load sth onto a ship/onto a truck o Br lorry;
    cargaron la furgoneta con cajas they loaded the van up with boxes;
    cargar algo demasiado to overload sth
    2. [arma, cámara] to load;
    [pluma, mechero] to refill; RP [tanque] to fill (up);
    ha cargado el guiso de sal he's put too much salt in the stew, he's overdone the salt in the stew;
    cargar las tintas to exaggerate, to lay it on thick
    3. [peso encima] to throw over one's shoulder;
    cargué la caja a hombros I carried the box on my shoulder
    4. Elec to charge
    5. Esp Fam [molestar] to bug;
    me carga su pedantería his pretentiousness really gets on my nerves;
    me carga tener que aguantarlo it bugs the hell out of me that I have to put up with him
    6. [adeudar] [importe, factura, deuda] to charge (a to);
    cargar un impuesto a algo/alguien to tax sth/sb;
    cargar algo a alguien en su cuenta to charge sth to sb's account;
    no me han cargado todavía el recibo de la luz the payment for the electricity bill still hasn't gone through;
    cargar de más to overcharge;
    cargar de menos to undercharge
    7. [responsabilidad, tarea] to give;
    siempre lo cargan de trabajo they always give him far too much work to do;
    le cargaron la culpa a ella they laid o put the blame on her
    8. [producir pesadez] [sujeto: olor] to make stuffy;
    [sujeto: comida] to bloat;
    el humo ha cargado la habitación the atmosphere in the room is thick with smoke
    9. Informát to load
    10. Náut [velas] to furl, to take in
    11. Méx Fam [matar] to bump off, US to ice
    12. RP Fam [bromear]
    José se casó – ¡me estás cargando! José got married – you're having me on o you're kidding!
    13. RP Fam [intentar seducir]
    cargar a alguien to come on to sb, Br to try to get off with sb, US to hit on sb
    14. Ven Fam [llevar encima] to carry, to tote;
    [llevar puesto] to wear, to have on;
    cargar una pistola to carry a gun;
    cargar anteojos to wear specs;
    cargar un niño [en brazos] to carry a child;
    [de la mano] to lead a child by the hand;
    no cargo carro hoy I haven't got my wheels today;
    aún cargo aquella imagen conmigo I can still picture the scene;
    carga siempre una cara triste he always has a sad face on him;
    carga una gran pena he's sick at heart;
    carga dolor de espalda she has a bad back;
    cargamos fama de deshonestos we have a name for being dishonest
    15. Chile, Perú [atacar] to attack
    vi
    1.
    cargar con [paquete, bulto] to carry;
    [coste, responsabilidad] to bear; [consecuencias] to accept; [culpa] to get;
    cargué con todos los paquetes I carried all the packages;
    hoy me toca a mí cargar con los niños it's my turn to look after the children today
    2.
    cargar contra [atacar] to charge;
    la policía cargó contra los alborotadores the police charged (at) the rioters;
    Dep
    cargar contra alguien to brush sb aside, to push sb [with one's body]
    3.
    cargar sobre [acento] to fall on;
    Arquit to lean o rest on;
    cargar sobre alguien [recaer] to fall on sb;
    el pelotón cargó sobre la posición enemiga the platoon charged the enemy position;
    la bóveda carga sobre cuatro pilares the vault is supported by four pillars
    4. [toro] to charge
    5. [tormenta] to turn, to veer
    6. Elec to charge;
    esta batería ya no carga this battery won't charge any more
    7. RP Fam [bromear]
    se murió el gato – ¡estás cargando! the cat died – you're kidding o joking!
    8. RP Fam [intentar seducir]
    se pasó la noche cargando he spent the night Br trying to get off with someone o US hitting on people
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 arma, camión load
    2 batería, acusado charge
    3 COM charge (en to);
    cargar algo en cuenta a alguien charge sth to s.o.’s account
    4 L.Am. ( traer) carry
    5
    :
    esto me carga L.Am. I can’t stand this
    II v/i
    1 ( apoyarse) rest ( sobre on)
    2 ( fastidiar) be annoying
    3
    :
    cargar con algo carry sth;
    cargar con la culpa fig shoulder the blame;
    tuvo que cargar con toda la familia durante las vacaciones I had the whole family to contend with during the vacation
    4
    :
    cargar contra alguien MIL, DEP charge (at) s.o.
    * * *
    cargar {52} vt
    1) : to carry
    2) : to load, to fill
    3) : to charge
    cargar vi
    1) : to load
    2) : to rest (in architecture)
    3)
    cargar sobre : to fall upon
    * * *
    cargar vb
    1. (vehículo, mercancías, arma, etc) to load
    ¿sabes cargar la cámara? do you know how to load the film?
    2. (pluma) to fill
    3. (pila) to charge
    cargar con (llevar) to carry [pt. & pp. carried] (responsabilidad) to take on [pt. took; pp. taken] / to shoulder

    Spanish-English dictionary > cargar

  • 8 on

    on
    1. preposition
    1) (touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: The book was lying on the table; He was standing on the floor; She wore a hat on her head.) sobre, encima de, en
    2) (in or into (a vehicle, train etc): We were sitting on the bus; I got on the wrong bus.) en
    3) (at or during a certain day, time etc: on Monday; On his arrival, he went straight to bed.) a; el, los
    4) (about: a book on the theatre.) sobre
    5) (in the state or process of: He's on holiday.) en, de
    6) (supported by: She was standing on one leg.) sobre, en
    7) (receiving, taking: on drugs; on a diet.) con, a
    8) (taking part in: He is on the committee; Which detective is working on this case?) en
    9) (towards: They marched on the town.) a, hacia
    10) (near or beside: a shop on the main road.) en
    11) (by means of: He played a tune on the violin; I spoke to him on the telephone.) por
    12) (being carried by: The thief had the stolen jewels on him.) con
    13) (when (something is, or has been, done): On investigation, there proved to be no need to panic.) en
    14) (followed by: disaster on disaster.) tras

    2. adverb
    1) ((especially of something being worn) so as to be touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: She put her hat on.) en
    2) (used to show a continuing state etc, onwards: She kept on asking questions; They moved on.) continuamente, sin parar
    3) ((also adjective) (of electric light, machines etc) working: The television is on; Turn/Switch the light on.) en marcha, en funcionamiento
    4) ((also adjective) (of films etc) able to be seen: There's a good film on at the cinema this week.) en exhibición, en cartelera
    5) ((also adjective) in or into a vehicle, train etc: The bus stopped and we got on.) a bordo

    3. adjective
    1) (in progress: The game was on.) en curso
    2) (not cancelled: Is the party on tonight?) en pie
    - ongoing
    - onwards
    - onward
    - be on to someone
    - be on to
    - on and on
    - on time
    - on to / onto

    on1 adv
    1. encendido / puesto
    2. abierto
    3. puesto
    4.
    what time is the programme on? ¿a qué hora dan el programa?
    5. adelante / sin parar
    the policeman told him to stop, but he drove on el policía le dijo que parara, pero siguió adelante
    she saw me, but she just walked on me vio, pero siguió su camino
    on2 prep
    1. en / sobre
    2. en
    3.
    4. en
    what's on at the cinema? ¿qué echan en el cine?
    5. sobre
    on the left / on the right a la izquierda / a la derechaon seguido de un gerundio se traduce al español por al más el infinitivo
    on arriving, she phoned her mother al llegar, llamó a su madre
    on
    tr[ɒn]
    1 (covering or touching) sobre, encima de, en
    2 (supported by, hanging from) en
    3 (to, towards) a, hacia
    on the right/left a la derecha/izquierda
    5 (concerning) sobre
    we went on a journey nos fuimos de viaje, hicimos un viaje
    7 (days, dates, times) no se traduce
    8 (at the time of, just after) al
    on foot, on horseback, on a bicycle a pie, a caballo, en bicicleta
    on the train, on the bus, on the underground en el tren, en el autobús, en el metro
    11 (regarding, about) sobre, de
    on the radio, on the TV por la radio, por la tele
    13 (using) con
    how do you get by on your pension? ¿cómo te las arreglas con tu pensión?
    14 (state, process) diferentes traducciones
    15 (working for, belonging to) diferentes traducciones
    whose side are you on? ¿de parte de quién estás?
    have you got any money on you? ¿llevas dinero?
    17 (paid for by) pagado por
    the drinks are on me! ¡invito yo!
    18 (by comparison with) respecto a
    1 (not stopping) sin parar
    on with the show! the show must go on! ¡que siga el espectáculo!
    who left the TV on? ¿quién dejó la TV encendida?
    don't leave the tap on! ¡no dejes el grifo abierto!
    could you put a record on? ¿podrías poner un disco?
    is there anything good on TV? ¿dan algo bueno por la tele?
    what time is the film on? ¿a qué hora ponen la película?
    have we got anything on this weekend? ¿tenemos plan para este fin de semana?
    is the heating on? ¿está puesta la calefacción?
    is the party still on? ¿se hace la fiesta?
    the match is on after all después de todo, el partido se celebra
    you're on next! ¡sales tú el próximo!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    and so on y así sucesivamente
    from that day on a partir de aquel día
    it's not on no hay derecho, eso no vale
    on line SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL conectado,-a
    to be on about hablar de
    what on earth is he on about? ¿de qué diablos está hablando?
    to be on at somebody dar la lata a alguien
    to be on for something apuntarse a algo
    to go on and on about something seguir dale que dale con algo
    to have something on somebody tener algo contra alguien
    you're on! ¡trato hecho!
    on ['ɑn, 'ɔn] adv
    put the top on: pon la tapa
    he has a hat on: lleva un sombrero puesto
    from that moment on: a partir de ese momento
    farther on: más adelante
    turn the light on: prende la luz
    on adj
    the radio is on: el radio está prendido
    the game is on: el juego ha comenzado
    3)
    to be on to : estar enterado de
    on prep
    1) (indicating position) : en, sobre, encima de
    on the table: en (sobre, encima de) la mesa
    shadows on the wall: sombras en la pared
    on horseback: a caballo
    2) at, to: a
    on the right: a la derecha
    3) aboard, in: en, a
    on the plane: en el avión
    he got on the train: subió al tren
    she worked on Saturdays: trabajaba los sábados
    every hour on the hour: a la hora en punto
    he cut himself on a tin can: se cortó con una lata
    to talk on the telephone: hablar por teléfono
    on fire: en llamas
    on the increase: en aumento
    on a committee: en una comisión
    on vacation: de vacaciones
    on a diet: a dieta
    9) about, concerning: sobre
    a book on insects: un libro sobre insectos
    reflect on that: reflexiona sobre eso
    on
    adj.
    conectado, -a adj.
    en marcha adj.
    encendido, -a adj.
    adv.
    encima adv.
    prep.
    acerca de prep.
    conectado (Electricidad) prep.
    de prep.
    en prep.
    encendido (Electricidad) prep.
    encima de prep.
    sobre prep.

    I ɑːn, ɒn
    1)

    put it on the tableponlo en or sobre la mesa

    I live on Acacia Avenue — (esp AmE) vivo en Acacia Avenue

    on the right/left — a la derecha/izquierda

    b) ( belonging to) de
    c) ( against)
    2)

    on a bicycle/horse — en bicicleta/a caballo

    4)
    b) (Rad, TV)
    c) ( recorded on) en
    5)

    who's on the computer? — ¿quién está usando la computadora?

    you've been on the phone an hour! — hace una hora que estás hablando por teléfono!, hace una hora que estás colgado del teléfono! (fam)

    b) ( on duty at) en

    to be on the door — estar* en la puerta

    she's on the committee — está en la comisión, es miembro de la comisión

    on a team — (AmE) en un equipo

    on -ing — al + inf

    8) (about, concerning) sobre

    while we're on the subject — a propósito, ya que estamos hablando de esto

    9)
    a) (indicating activity, undertaking)

    on vacation/safari — de vacaciones/safari

    we went on a trip to London — hicimos un viaje a Londres, nos fuimos de viaje a Londres

    he's on a diet — está a dieta, está a or de régimen

    b) (working on, studying)
    10) (taking, consuming)
    11) (talking about income, available funds)

    she's on £30,000 — (BrE) gana 30.000 libras al año

    this round's on me — a esta ronda invito yo, esta ronda la pago yo

    it's on the house — invita la casa, atención de la casa

    14)
    b) (in) (AmE)

    II
    1)
    a) ( worn)

    she had a blue dress onllevaba (puesto) or tenía puesto un vestido azul

    with no clothes on — sin ropa, desnudo

    let's see what it looks like on — a ver cómo queda puesto; see also have on, put on

    b) ( in place)

    to sew a button oncoser or pegar* un botón

    a) ( in space)

    further onun poco más allá or más adelante

    go on up; I'll follow in a minute — tú ve subiendo que yo ya voy

    b) (in time, activity)
    c)

    on and off, off and on: we still see each other on and off todavía nos vemos de vez en cuando; it rained on and off o off and on all week — estuvo lloviendo y parando toda la semana

    d)

    on and on: the film went on and on la película se hizo interminable or (fam) pesadísima; you don't have to go on and on about it! — no hace falta que sigas dale y dale con lo mismo (fam)

    a)

    on about — (BrE colloq)

    what's she on about? — ¿de qué está hablando?, pero ¿qué dice?

    b)

    on at — (BrE colloq)


    III

    to be on\<\<light/TV/radio\>\> estar* encendido, estar* prendido (AmL); \<\<faucet\>\> estar* abierto

    the electricity/water isn't on yet — la electricidad/el agua todavía no está conectada

    b) ( on duty)

    we work four hours on, four hours off — trabajamos cuatro horas y tenemos otras cuatro de descanso

    which of the doctors is on today? — ¿qué médico está de guardia hoy?

    there's a lecture on in therehay or están dando una conferencia allí

    while the conference is on — mientras dure el congreso, hasta que termine el congreso

    the party's definitely on for Fridayla fiesta es or se hace el viernes seguro

    is the wedding still on? — ¿no se ha suspendido la boda?

    what's on at the Renoir? — (Cin, Rad, Theat, TV) ¿qué dan or (Esp tb) ponen or echan en el Renoir?

    is that play still on? — ¿sigue en cartelera la obra?

    d) (performing, playing)

    you're on! — ( Theat) a escena!

    he has been on for most of the game — ha estado jugando casi todo el partido; see also bring, come, go on

    3)
    a) (indicating agreement, acceptance) (colloq)
    b)

    not on — (esp BrE colloq)

    [ɒn] When on is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg have on, get on, go on, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, such as broadside on, further on, look up the other word.
    1. PREP
    1) (indicating place, position) en, sobre

    on the ceilingsobre el techo

    on the Continenten Europa

    with her hat on her headcon el sombrero puesto

    on page two — en la página dos

    on the righta la derecha

    on the high seasen alta mar

    on all sides — por todas partes, por todos lados

    a house on the squareuna casa en la plaza

    on the tableen or sobre la mesa

    a meal on the trainuna comida en el tren

    hanging on the wallcolgado en la pared

    on a day like this — (en) un día como este

    on the evening of July 2nd — el 2 de julio por la tarde

    3) (=at the time of)

    on my arrival — al llegar, a mi llegada

    4) (=about, concerning) sobre, acerca de

    a book on physicsun libro de or sobre física

    have you read Purnell on Churchill? — ¿has leído los comentarios de Purnell sobre Churchill?

    have you heard the boss on the new tax? — ¿has oído lo que dice el jefe acerca de la nueva contribución?

    5) (=towards, against)
    6) (=earning, receiving)

    he's on £6,000 a year — gana seis mil libras al año

    a student on a grantun estudiante con beca

    many live on less than that — muchos viven con menos

    7) (=taking, consuming)

    I'm on a milk dietsigo un régimen lácteo

    he's back on drugsha vuelto a drogarse

    I'm on three pills a day — tomo tres píldoras al día

    live on 1.
    8) (=engaged in)

    to be on holidayestar de vacaciones

    the company is on tourla compañía está en gira

    he's on the committeees miembro del comité

    he's on the permanent staffes de plantilla

    10) (=playing)
    11) (TV, Rad)

    on the radioen or por la radio

    on televisionen or por (la) televisión

    on videoen vídeo

    12) (=about one's person)
    13) (=after, according to)
    14) (=compared to)
    15) (=at the expense of)

    this round's on me — esta ronda la pago yo, invito yo

    the tour was on the Council — la gira la pagó el Consejo, corrió el Consejo con los gastos de la gira

    16) liter

    on account of — a causa de

    on good authorityde buena tinta

    on a charge of murder — acusado de homicidio

    on foota pie

    on horsebacka caballo

    on pain of — so pena de

    on salede venta

    on the telephonepor teléfono

    on time — a la hora, a tiempo

    base I, 2., 2)
    2. ADV
    1) (=in place) [lid etc] puesto
    screw on

    what's she got on? — ¿qué lleva puesto?, ¿cómo va vestida?

    from that day on — a partir de aquel día, de aquel día en adelante

    on and off — de vez en cuando, a intervalos

    it was well on in the evening — estaba ya muy entrada la tarde

    well on in years — entrado en años, que va para viejo

    further 1., 1), later 1., 2)

    to go/walk on — seguir adelante

    he rambled on and on — estuvo dale que dale *, estuvo dale y dale (esp LAm)

    and so on — (=and the rest) y demás; (=etc) etcétera

    on with the show! — ¡que empiece or continúe el espectáculo!

    on with the dancing girls! — ¡que salgan las bailarinas!

    what are you on about? * — ¿de qué (me) hablas?

    he's always on at me about it *me está majando continuamente con eso *

    go on
    3. ADJ
    1) (=functioning, in operation)

    to be on[engine] estar encendido, estar en marcha; [switch] estar encendido or conectado; [machine] estar encendido or funcionando; [light] estar encendido, estar prendido (LAm); [TV set etc] estar encendido, estar puesto, estar prendido (LAm); [tap] estar abierto; [brake etc] estar puesto, estar echado

    in the on position[tap] abierto, en posición de abierto; (Elec) encendido, puesto, prendido (LAm)

    2) (=being performed, shown)

    what's on at the cinema? — ¿qué ponen en el cine?

    what's on at the theatre? — ¿qué dan en el teatro?

    "what's on in London" — "cartelera de los espectáculos londinenses"

    3) (=taking place)

    is the meeting still on tonight? — ¿sigue en pie la reunión de esta noche?, ¿se lleva a cabo siempre la reunión de esta noche? (LAm)

    4) (=arranged)

    have you got anything on this evening? — ¿tienes compromiso para esta noche?

    sorry, I've got something on tonight — lo siento, esta noche tengo un compromiso

    5) (=performing, working)

    to be on[actor] estar en escena

    are you on next? — ¿te toca a ti la próxima vez?

    are you on tomorrow?(=on duty) ¿trabajas mañana?, ¿estás de turno mañana?

    6) * (indicating agreement, acceptance)

    you're on! — ¡te tomo la palabra!

    are you still on for dinner tomorrow night? — ¿sigo contando contigo para cenar mañana?

    that's not on(Brit) eso no se hace, no hay derecho

    4.
    EXCL ¡adelante!
    * * *

    I [ɑːn, ɒn]
    1)

    put it on the tableponlo en or sobre la mesa

    I live on Acacia Avenue — (esp AmE) vivo en Acacia Avenue

    on the right/left — a la derecha/izquierda

    b) ( belonging to) de
    c) ( against)
    2)

    on a bicycle/horse — en bicicleta/a caballo

    4)
    b) (Rad, TV)
    c) ( recorded on) en
    5)

    who's on the computer? — ¿quién está usando la computadora?

    you've been on the phone an hour! — hace una hora que estás hablando por teléfono!, hace una hora que estás colgado del teléfono! (fam)

    b) ( on duty at) en

    to be on the door — estar* en la puerta

    she's on the committee — está en la comisión, es miembro de la comisión

    on a team — (AmE) en un equipo

    on -ing — al + inf

    8) (about, concerning) sobre

    while we're on the subject — a propósito, ya que estamos hablando de esto

    9)
    a) (indicating activity, undertaking)

    on vacation/safari — de vacaciones/safari

    we went on a trip to London — hicimos un viaje a Londres, nos fuimos de viaje a Londres

    he's on a diet — está a dieta, está a or de régimen

    b) (working on, studying)
    10) (taking, consuming)
    11) (talking about income, available funds)

    she's on £30,000 — (BrE) gana 30.000 libras al año

    this round's on me — a esta ronda invito yo, esta ronda la pago yo

    it's on the house — invita la casa, atención de la casa

    14)
    b) (in) (AmE)

    II
    1)
    a) ( worn)

    she had a blue dress onllevaba (puesto) or tenía puesto un vestido azul

    with no clothes on — sin ropa, desnudo

    let's see what it looks like on — a ver cómo queda puesto; see also have on, put on

    b) ( in place)

    to sew a button oncoser or pegar* un botón

    a) ( in space)

    further onun poco más allá or más adelante

    go on up; I'll follow in a minute — tú ve subiendo que yo ya voy

    b) (in time, activity)
    c)

    on and off, off and on: we still see each other on and off todavía nos vemos de vez en cuando; it rained on and off o off and on all week — estuvo lloviendo y parando toda la semana

    d)

    on and on: the film went on and on la película se hizo interminable or (fam) pesadísima; you don't have to go on and on about it! — no hace falta que sigas dale y dale con lo mismo (fam)

    a)

    on about — (BrE colloq)

    what's she on about? — ¿de qué está hablando?, pero ¿qué dice?

    b)

    on at — (BrE colloq)


    III

    to be on\<\<light/TV/radio\>\> estar* encendido, estar* prendido (AmL); \<\<faucet\>\> estar* abierto

    the electricity/water isn't on yet — la electricidad/el agua todavía no está conectada

    b) ( on duty)

    we work four hours on, four hours off — trabajamos cuatro horas y tenemos otras cuatro de descanso

    which of the doctors is on today? — ¿qué médico está de guardia hoy?

    there's a lecture on in therehay or están dando una conferencia allí

    while the conference is on — mientras dure el congreso, hasta que termine el congreso

    the party's definitely on for Fridayla fiesta es or se hace el viernes seguro

    is the wedding still on? — ¿no se ha suspendido la boda?

    what's on at the Renoir? — (Cin, Rad, Theat, TV) ¿qué dan or (Esp tb) ponen or echan en el Renoir?

    is that play still on? — ¿sigue en cartelera la obra?

    d) (performing, playing)

    you're on! — ( Theat) a escena!

    he has been on for most of the game — ha estado jugando casi todo el partido; see also bring, come, go on

    3)
    a) (indicating agreement, acceptance) (colloq)
    b)

    not on — (esp BrE colloq)

    English-spanish dictionary > on

  • 9 ON

    on
    1. preposition
    1) (touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: The book was lying on the table; He was standing on the floor; She wore a hat on her head.) sobre, encima de, en
    2) (in or into (a vehicle, train etc): We were sitting on the bus; I got on the wrong bus.) en
    3) (at or during a certain day, time etc: on Monday; On his arrival, he went straight to bed.) a; el, los
    4) (about: a book on the theatre.) sobre
    5) (in the state or process of: He's on holiday.) en, de
    6) (supported by: She was standing on one leg.) sobre, en
    7) (receiving, taking: on drugs; on a diet.) con, a
    8) (taking part in: He is on the committee; Which detective is working on this case?) en
    9) (towards: They marched on the town.) a, hacia
    10) (near or beside: a shop on the main road.) en
    11) (by means of: He played a tune on the violin; I spoke to him on the telephone.) por
    12) (being carried by: The thief had the stolen jewels on him.) con
    13) (when (something is, or has been, done): On investigation, there proved to be no need to panic.) en
    14) (followed by: disaster on disaster.) tras

    2. adverb
    1) ((especially of something being worn) so as to be touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: She put her hat on.) en
    2) (used to show a continuing state etc, onwards: She kept on asking questions; They moved on.) continuamente, sin parar
    3) ((also adjective) (of electric light, machines etc) working: The television is on; Turn/Switch the light on.) en marcha, en funcionamiento
    4) ((also adjective) (of films etc) able to be seen: There's a good film on at the cinema this week.) en exhibición, en cartelera
    5) ((also adjective) in or into a vehicle, train etc: The bus stopped and we got on.) a bordo

    3. adjective
    1) (in progress: The game was on.) en curso
    2) (not cancelled: Is the party on tonight?) en pie
    - ongoing
    - onwards
    - onward
    - be on to someone
    - be on to
    - on and on
    - on time
    - on to / onto

    on1 adv
    1. encendido / puesto
    2. abierto
    3. puesto
    4.
    what time is the programme on? ¿a qué hora dan el programa?
    5. adelante / sin parar
    the policeman told him to stop, but he drove on el policía le dijo que parara, pero siguió adelante
    she saw me, but she just walked on me vio, pero siguió su camino
    on2 prep
    1. en / sobre
    2. en
    3.
    4. en
    what's on at the cinema? ¿qué echan en el cine?
    5. sobre
    on the left / on the right a la izquierda / a la derechaon seguido de un gerundio se traduce al español por al más el infinitivo
    on arriving, she phoned her mother al llegar, llamó a su madre
    on
    tr[ɒn]
    1 (covering or touching) sobre, encima de, en
    2 (supported by, hanging from) en
    3 (to, towards) a, hacia
    on the right/left a la derecha/izquierda
    5 (concerning) sobre
    we went on a journey nos fuimos de viaje, hicimos un viaje
    7 (days, dates, times) no se traduce
    8 (at the time of, just after) al
    on foot, on horseback, on a bicycle a pie, a caballo, en bicicleta
    on the train, on the bus, on the underground en el tren, en el autobús, en el metro
    11 (regarding, about) sobre, de
    on the radio, on the TV por la radio, por la tele
    13 (using) con
    how do you get by on your pension? ¿cómo te las arreglas con tu pensión?
    14 (state, process) diferentes traducciones
    15 (working for, belonging to) diferentes traducciones
    whose side are you on? ¿de parte de quién estás?
    have you got any money on you? ¿llevas dinero?
    17 (paid for by) pagado por
    the drinks are on me! ¡invito yo!
    18 (by comparison with) respecto a
    1 (not stopping) sin parar
    on with the show! the show must go on! ¡que siga el espectáculo!
    who left the TV on? ¿quién dejó la TV encendida?
    don't leave the tap on! ¡no dejes el grifo abierto!
    could you put a record on? ¿podrías poner un disco?
    is there anything good on TV? ¿dan algo bueno por la tele?
    what time is the film on? ¿a qué hora ponen la película?
    have we got anything on this weekend? ¿tenemos plan para este fin de semana?
    is the heating on? ¿está puesta la calefacción?
    is the party still on? ¿se hace la fiesta?
    the match is on after all después de todo, el partido se celebra
    you're on next! ¡sales tú el próximo!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    and so on y así sucesivamente
    from that day on a partir de aquel día
    it's not on no hay derecho, eso no vale
    on line SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL conectado,-a
    to be on about hablar de
    what on earth is he on about? ¿de qué diablos está hablando?
    to be on at somebody dar la lata a alguien
    to be on for something apuntarse a algo
    to go on and on about something seguir dale que dale con algo
    to have something on somebody tener algo contra alguien
    you're on! ¡trato hecho!
    on ['ɑn, 'ɔn] adv
    put the top on: pon la tapa
    he has a hat on: lleva un sombrero puesto
    from that moment on: a partir de ese momento
    farther on: más adelante
    turn the light on: prende la luz
    on adj
    the radio is on: el radio está prendido
    the game is on: el juego ha comenzado
    3)
    to be on to : estar enterado de
    on prep
    1) (indicating position) : en, sobre, encima de
    on the table: en (sobre, encima de) la mesa
    shadows on the wall: sombras en la pared
    on horseback: a caballo
    2) at, to: a
    on the right: a la derecha
    3) aboard, in: en, a
    on the plane: en el avión
    he got on the train: subió al tren
    she worked on Saturdays: trabajaba los sábados
    every hour on the hour: a la hora en punto
    he cut himself on a tin can: se cortó con una lata
    to talk on the telephone: hablar por teléfono
    on fire: en llamas
    on the increase: en aumento
    on a committee: en una comisión
    on vacation: de vacaciones
    on a diet: a dieta
    9) about, concerning: sobre
    a book on insects: un libro sobre insectos
    reflect on that: reflexiona sobre eso
    on
    adj.
    conectado, -a adj.
    en marcha adj.
    encendido, -a adj.
    adv.
    encima adv.
    prep.
    acerca de prep.
    conectado (Electricidad) prep.
    de prep.
    en prep.
    encendido (Electricidad) prep.
    encima de prep.
    sobre prep.

    I ɑːn, ɒn
    1)

    put it on the tableponlo en or sobre la mesa

    I live on Acacia Avenue — (esp AmE) vivo en Acacia Avenue

    on the right/left — a la derecha/izquierda

    b) ( belonging to) de
    c) ( against)
    2)

    on a bicycle/horse — en bicicleta/a caballo

    4)
    b) (Rad, TV)
    c) ( recorded on) en
    5)

    who's on the computer? — ¿quién está usando la computadora?

    you've been on the phone an hour! — hace una hora que estás hablando por teléfono!, hace una hora que estás colgado del teléfono! (fam)

    b) ( on duty at) en

    to be on the door — estar* en la puerta

    she's on the committee — está en la comisión, es miembro de la comisión

    on a team — (AmE) en un equipo

    on -ing — al + inf

    8) (about, concerning) sobre

    while we're on the subject — a propósito, ya que estamos hablando de esto

    9)
    a) (indicating activity, undertaking)

    on vacation/safari — de vacaciones/safari

    we went on a trip to London — hicimos un viaje a Londres, nos fuimos de viaje a Londres

    he's on a diet — está a dieta, está a or de régimen

    b) (working on, studying)
    10) (taking, consuming)
    11) (talking about income, available funds)

    she's on £30,000 — (BrE) gana 30.000 libras al año

    this round's on me — a esta ronda invito yo, esta ronda la pago yo

    it's on the house — invita la casa, atención de la casa

    14)
    b) (in) (AmE)

    II
    1)
    a) ( worn)

    she had a blue dress onllevaba (puesto) or tenía puesto un vestido azul

    with no clothes on — sin ropa, desnudo

    let's see what it looks like on — a ver cómo queda puesto; see also have on, put on

    b) ( in place)

    to sew a button oncoser or pegar* un botón

    a) ( in space)

    further onun poco más allá or más adelante

    go on up; I'll follow in a minute — tú ve subiendo que yo ya voy

    b) (in time, activity)
    c)

    on and off, off and on: we still see each other on and off todavía nos vemos de vez en cuando; it rained on and off o off and on all week — estuvo lloviendo y parando toda la semana

    d)

    on and on: the film went on and on la película se hizo interminable or (fam) pesadísima; you don't have to go on and on about it! — no hace falta que sigas dale y dale con lo mismo (fam)

    a)

    on about — (BrE colloq)

    what's she on about? — ¿de qué está hablando?, pero ¿qué dice?

    b)

    on at — (BrE colloq)


    III

    to be on\<\<light/TV/radio\>\> estar* encendido, estar* prendido (AmL); \<\<faucet\>\> estar* abierto

    the electricity/water isn't on yet — la electricidad/el agua todavía no está conectada

    b) ( on duty)

    we work four hours on, four hours off — trabajamos cuatro horas y tenemos otras cuatro de descanso

    which of the doctors is on today? — ¿qué médico está de guardia hoy?

    there's a lecture on in therehay or están dando una conferencia allí

    while the conference is on — mientras dure el congreso, hasta que termine el congreso

    the party's definitely on for Fridayla fiesta es or se hace el viernes seguro

    is the wedding still on? — ¿no se ha suspendido la boda?

    what's on at the Renoir? — (Cin, Rad, Theat, TV) ¿qué dan or (Esp tb) ponen or echan en el Renoir?

    is that play still on? — ¿sigue en cartelera la obra?

    d) (performing, playing)

    you're on! — ( Theat) a escena!

    he has been on for most of the game — ha estado jugando casi todo el partido; see also bring, come, go on

    3)
    a) (indicating agreement, acceptance) (colloq)
    b)

    not on — (esp BrE colloq)

    ABBR
    (Canada) = Ontario
    * * *

    I [ɑːn, ɒn]
    1)

    put it on the tableponlo en or sobre la mesa

    I live on Acacia Avenue — (esp AmE) vivo en Acacia Avenue

    on the right/left — a la derecha/izquierda

    b) ( belonging to) de
    c) ( against)
    2)

    on a bicycle/horse — en bicicleta/a caballo

    4)
    b) (Rad, TV)
    c) ( recorded on) en
    5)

    who's on the computer? — ¿quién está usando la computadora?

    you've been on the phone an hour! — hace una hora que estás hablando por teléfono!, hace una hora que estás colgado del teléfono! (fam)

    b) ( on duty at) en

    to be on the door — estar* en la puerta

    she's on the committee — está en la comisión, es miembro de la comisión

    on a team — (AmE) en un equipo

    on -ing — al + inf

    8) (about, concerning) sobre

    while we're on the subject — a propósito, ya que estamos hablando de esto

    9)
    a) (indicating activity, undertaking)

    on vacation/safari — de vacaciones/safari

    we went on a trip to London — hicimos un viaje a Londres, nos fuimos de viaje a Londres

    he's on a diet — está a dieta, está a or de régimen

    b) (working on, studying)
    10) (taking, consuming)
    11) (talking about income, available funds)

    she's on £30,000 — (BrE) gana 30.000 libras al año

    this round's on me — a esta ronda invito yo, esta ronda la pago yo

    it's on the house — invita la casa, atención de la casa

    14)
    b) (in) (AmE)

    II
    1)
    a) ( worn)

    she had a blue dress onllevaba (puesto) or tenía puesto un vestido azul

    with no clothes on — sin ropa, desnudo

    let's see what it looks like on — a ver cómo queda puesto; see also have on, put on

    b) ( in place)

    to sew a button oncoser or pegar* un botón

    a) ( in space)

    further onun poco más allá or más adelante

    go on up; I'll follow in a minute — tú ve subiendo que yo ya voy

    b) (in time, activity)
    c)

    on and off, off and on: we still see each other on and off todavía nos vemos de vez en cuando; it rained on and off o off and on all week — estuvo lloviendo y parando toda la semana

    d)

    on and on: the film went on and on la película se hizo interminable or (fam) pesadísima; you don't have to go on and on about it! — no hace falta que sigas dale y dale con lo mismo (fam)

    a)

    on about — (BrE colloq)

    what's she on about? — ¿de qué está hablando?, pero ¿qué dice?

    b)

    on at — (BrE colloq)


    III

    to be on\<\<light/TV/radio\>\> estar* encendido, estar* prendido (AmL); \<\<faucet\>\> estar* abierto

    the electricity/water isn't on yet — la electricidad/el agua todavía no está conectada

    b) ( on duty)

    we work four hours on, four hours off — trabajamos cuatro horas y tenemos otras cuatro de descanso

    which of the doctors is on today? — ¿qué médico está de guardia hoy?

    there's a lecture on in therehay or están dando una conferencia allí

    while the conference is on — mientras dure el congreso, hasta que termine el congreso

    the party's definitely on for Fridayla fiesta es or se hace el viernes seguro

    is the wedding still on? — ¿no se ha suspendido la boda?

    what's on at the Renoir? — (Cin, Rad, Theat, TV) ¿qué dan or (Esp tb) ponen or echan en el Renoir?

    is that play still on? — ¿sigue en cartelera la obra?

    d) (performing, playing)

    you're on! — ( Theat) a escena!

    he has been on for most of the game — ha estado jugando casi todo el partido; see also bring, come, go on

    3)
    a) (indicating agreement, acceptance) (colloq)
    b)

    not on — (esp BrE colloq)

    English-spanish dictionary > ON

  • 10 quien

    pron.
    who (sujeto).
    era Pepe a quien vi/de quien no me fiaba it was Pepe (whom) I saw/didn't trust
    * * *
    1 (sujeto) who
    me encontré a Toni, quien me dijo que estabas enfermo I met Toni, who told me you were ill
    2 (complemento) who, whom
    3 (indefinido) whoever, anyone who
    \
    como quien as if
    * * *
    pron.
    1) who, whom
    2) whoever, whomever
    * * *
    PRON REL
    1) [con antecedente]
    a) [como sujeto] who

    hablé con mi abogado, quien me dio la razón — I spoke to my solicitor, who said I was right

    b) [como complemento] who, whom frm

    su profesor, a quien está dedicado el libro, siempre lo apoyó — his teacher, who the book is dedicated to, always supported him, his teacher, to whom the book is dedicated, always supported him frm

    el pintor a quien describe en su libro — the painter he describes in his book, the painter whom he describes in his book frm

    la señorita con quien hablaba — the young lady I was talking to, the young lady to whom I was talking frm

    2) [como indefinido]
    a) + subjun

    pregúntale a quien quierasask anyone o whoever you like

    "a quien corresponda" — "to whom it may concern"

    b) + indic

    quien más se quejaba era él — the person who complained most was him, he was the one that o who complained the most

    hay quien no piensa lo mismothere are some o those who do not think the same

    ¡no hay quien te entienda! — there's no understanding you!

    c)

    quien más, quien menos —

    quien más, quien menos tiene un amigo que ha estudiado en el extranjero — most of us have a friend who has studied abroad

    quien más, quien menos, todos hemos tenido miedo a la oscuridad de pequeños — all of us, to some extent, have been afraid of the dark as children

    nací en Navarra, a un paso, como quien dice, de Francia — I was born in Navarre, just a stone's throw from France, so to speak

    como quien no quiere la cosa —

    se acercó, como quien no quiere la cosa, a enterarse de lo que decíamos — he casually moved closer to us to find out what we were saying

    era capaz de beberse una botella de vino, como quien no quiere la cosa — he was quite capable of drinking a whole bottle of wine, just like that o as if it were nothing

    como quien oye llover —

    estuve una hora intentando convencerlo, y él, como quien oye llover — I spent an hour trying to persuade him but it was like water off a duck's back

    no ser quien —

    tú no eres quien para decirme si tengo que llegar a casa antes de las diez — it's not for you to tell me whether I should come home before ten

    * * *
    1)
    a) (sujeto) who, that; (complemento) who, that, whom (frml)

    tienes que ser tú misma quien lo decida you are the one who o that has to decide

    b) (frml o liter) ( en frases explicativas) who, whom (frml)

    su hermano, a quien no había visto,... — her brother, who o whom she had not seen,...

    sus padres, para quienes esto había sido un duro golpe,... — her parents, for whom this had been a severe blow,...

    3)

    no ser quien: no soy quien para opinar al respecto I'm not the (right) person to comment on this matter; tú no eres quien para juzgarme — you're nobody to judge me

    * * *
    = who, whom, whoever.
    Ex. The problem is to decide who to select as being mainly responsible.
    Ex. The variety of reader places in a library adds interest to the interior but also provide for the many preferences of the users, some of whom seem to prefer a very busy location.
    Ex. Whoever cataloged it at LC, and I'm willing to bet it happened elsewhere too, probably didn't get much beyond the dust jacket where there was a big clue about something special to the book.
    ----
    * a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda = the early bird catches the worm.
    * de quién sabe dónde = out of the woodwork.
    * dime con quién andas y te diré quién eres = you are known by the company you keep.
    * haz el bien y no mires a quién = cast your bread upon the waters.
    * ¡mira quién habla! = look who's talking!.
    * No importa lo que se conoce, sino a quién se conoce = It's not what you know, but who you know.
    * quien algo quiere algo le cuesta = no pain, no gain.
    * quienes = whom.
    * Quién es quién = Who's Who.
    * quien guarda, halla = waste not, want not.
    * quién iba a decir entonces que... = little did + Verbo + then that....
    * ¿quién más...? = who else...?.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * quien nada arriesga nada gana = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * quien no malgasta no pasa necesidades = waste not, want not.
    * quién + Pronombre + iba a decir que... = little did + Pronombre + know that....
    * quien quiera peces que se moje el culo = you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.
    * ¿quién sabe? = who knows?.
    * quién sabe lo que = who knows what.
    * quién sabe qué = who knows what.
    * quien siembra vientos recoge tempestades = as you sow, so shall you reap.
    * ¿quién si no...? = who else but...?.
    * ¡quién te lo iba a decir! = lo and behold!, lo!.
    * salir de quién sabe dónde = come out of + the woodwork.
    * sálvese quien pueda = the devil take the hindmost, let battle commence.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (sujeto) who, that; (complemento) who, that, whom (frml)

    tienes que ser tú misma quien lo decida you are the one who o that has to decide

    b) (frml o liter) ( en frases explicativas) who, whom (frml)

    su hermano, a quien no había visto,... — her brother, who o whom she had not seen,...

    sus padres, para quienes esto había sido un duro golpe,... — her parents, for whom this had been a severe blow,...

    3)

    no ser quien: no soy quien para opinar al respecto I'm not the (right) person to comment on this matter; tú no eres quien para juzgarme — you're nobody to judge me

    * * *
    = who, whom, whoever.

    Ex: The problem is to decide who to select as being mainly responsible.

    Ex: The variety of reader places in a library adds interest to the interior but also provide for the many preferences of the users, some of whom seem to prefer a very busy location.
    Ex: Whoever cataloged it at LC, and I'm willing to bet it happened elsewhere too, probably didn't get much beyond the dust jacket where there was a big clue about something special to the book.
    * a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda = the early bird catches the worm.
    * de quién sabe dónde = out of the woodwork.
    * dime con quién andas y te diré quién eres = you are known by the company you keep.
    * haz el bien y no mires a quién = cast your bread upon the waters.
    * ¡mira quién habla! = look who's talking!.
    * No importa lo que se conoce, sino a quién se conoce = It's not what you know, but who you know.
    * quien algo quiere algo le cuesta = no pain, no gain.
    * quienes = whom.
    * Quién es quién = Who's Who.
    * quien guarda, halla = waste not, want not.
    * quién iba a decir entonces que... = little did + Verbo + then that....
    * ¿quién más...? = who else...?.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * quien nada arriesga nada gana = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * quien no malgasta no pasa necesidades = waste not, want not.
    * quien paga manda = he who pays the piper calls the tune.
    * quién + Pronombre + iba a decir que... = little did + Pronombre + know that....
    * quien quiera peces que se moje el culo = you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.
    * ¿quién sabe? = who knows?.
    * quién sabe lo que = who knows what.
    * quién sabe qué = who knows what.
    * quien siembra vientos recoge tempestades = as you sow, so shall you reap.
    * ¿quién si no...? = who else but...?.
    * ¡quién te lo iba a decir! = lo and behold!, lo!.
    * salir de quién sabe dónde = come out of + the woodwork.
    * sálvese quien pueda = the devil take the hindmost, let battle commence.

    * * *
    A
    1 (con antecedente explícitocomo sujeto) who, that; (— como objeto) who, that, whom ( frml)
    tienes que ser tú misma quien lo decida you are the one who o that has to decide
    es a él a quien debemos agradecérselo he's the one (who) we must thank, he's the one (that) we must thank, he's the one (whom) we must thank
    la chica con quien salía the girl (who) I was going out with, the girl (that) I was going out with, the girl with whom I was going out
    2 ( frml o liter) (en frases explicativascomo sujeto) who; (— como objeto) who, whom ( frml)
    su hermano, a quien no había visto, … her brother, who o whom she had not seen, …
    sus padres, para quienes esto había sido un duro golpe, … her parents, for whom this had been a severe blow, …
    B
    (con antecedente implícito): quienes hayan terminado pueden irse those who have finished o anybody who has finished may go
    sálvese quien pueda every man for himself
    hubo quien la criticó por esto there were those who criticized her for this
    no encontré quien me lo pudiera explicar I didn't find anybody who could explain it to me
    C
    no ser quien: no soy quien para opinar al respecto I'm not the (right) person to comment on this matter
    tú no eres quien para juzgarme you're nobody to judge me
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    quien    
    quién
    quien pronombre
    1
    a) ( sujeto) who, that;

    ( complemento) who, that, whom (frml);
    tienes que ser tú misma quién lo decida you are the one who o that has to decide;

    es a él a quién debemos agradecérselo he's the one (who) we must thank;
    la chica con quién salía the girl (who) I was going out with
    b) (frml o liter) ( en frases explicativas) who, whom (frml);

    su hermano, a quién no había visto, … her brother, who o whom she had not seen, …

    2 ( la persona que):

    quién lo haya encontrado the person who found it;
    quién se lo haya dicho whoever told him
    quién pronombre
    who;
    ¿quiénes eran? who were they?;

    ¿quién de ustedes se atrevería? which of you would dare?;
    ¿con quiénes fuiste? who did you go with?;
    ¿de quién es esto? whose is this?;
    llegó una postal — ¿de quién? there's a postcardwho's it from?
    quien pron rel
    1 (sujeto) who: estuve con mi hermana, quien me contó sus problemas, I was with my sister, who told me her problems
    2 (complemento) es en él en quien pienso, he's the one I'm thinking about
    la persona para quien trabajo es muy metódica, the person for whom I work is very methodical
    (como negativa) nobody: no hay quien soporte este calor, nobody can stand this heat
    no hubo quien le defendiera, no one defended him
    3 (indefinido) whoever, anyone who: quien lo haya visto, que lo diga, anyone who has seen him should tell us
    quién pron
    1 (interrogativo) (sujeto) who?
    ¿quién es?, who is it?
    (complemento) who
    aún no sé quién es el ganador, I don't know yet who the winner is
    ¿con quién fuiste?, who did you go with?
    adivina en quién estoy pensando, guess who I'm thinking about
    2 (posesivo) de quién, whose: ¿de quién es ese libro? whose is that book?
    3 (en exclamaciones) ¡quién sabe!, who knows!
    ♦ Locuciones: no es quién para juzgarme, he's not the person to judge me

    ' quién' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - acudir
    - callar
    - confesar
    - creerse
    - decir
    - distribuir
    - ganarse
    - garantizar
    - guapa
    - guapo
    - hablar
    - hacer
    - instigación
    - irse
    - mando
    - mirar
    - parte
    - pique
    - quien
    - rienda
    - saber
    - salvarse
    - vela
    - yo
    - a
    - abarcar
    - acertar
    - aguantar
    - andar
    - atender
    - barba
    - comprar
    - diablo
    - importar
    - ir
    - propio
    - salvar
    - ser
    - tocar
    - tomar
    - ver
    English:
    advise
    - alone
    - anybody
    - beauty
    - bird
    - boss
    - call
    - carry-on
    - choose
    - commit
    - conduct
    - control
    - culprit
    - deal
    - do
    - envoy
    - fault
    - god
    - grab
    - guess
    - humour
    - it
    - laugh
    - look up to
    - man
    - matter
    - me
    - misplaced
    - missing
    - most
    - next
    - nobody
    - one-upmanship
    - place
    - put up to
    - repair
    - second
    - speak
    - stare
    - suspect
    - take over
    - that
    - think
    - upkeep
    - us
    - venture
    - who
    - whoever
    - whom
    - whose
    * * *
    quien pron
    1. (relativo) [sujeto] who;
    [complemento] who, Formal whom;
    fue mi hermano quien me lo explicó it was my brother who explained it to me;
    él fue quien me robó he's the one who robbed me;
    era Rosario a quien vi/de quien no me fiaba it was Rosario (who) I saw/didn't trust;
    buscaba a alguien con quien hablar I was looking for someone to talk to;
    el atracador, a quien nadie reconoció, logró escapar the mugger, who nobody recognized, was able to escape;
    gane quien gane, el partido está siendo memorable whoever wins, it has been an unforgettable game
    2. (indefinido)
    quien lo encuentre que se lo quede whoever finds it can keep it;
    quienes quieran verlo que se acerquen whoever wants to see it will have to come closer;
    quien no sabe nada de esto es tu madre one person who knows nothing about it is your mother;
    hay quien lo niega there are those who deny it;
    al billar no hay quien le gane he's unbeatable at billiards;
    quien más quien menos, todo el mundo se lo esperaba that's what everyone expected, to some extent or other;
    CAm, Méx, Ven Fam
    quien quita y… [tal vez] maybe…;
    [ojalá] let's hope…;
    visita nuestra página, quien quita y te gusta visit our website, you may like it o maybe you'll like it;
    ¿mañana sales de viaje? quien quita y te vaya bien so you're off on a trip tomorrow? I hope it all goes well
    * * *
    pron rel sujeto who, that; objeto who, whom fml, that;
    no soy quien para hacerlo I’m not the right person to do it;
    hay quien there are people;
    no hay quien lo haga nobody can do it;
    la mujer con quien llegó the woman he arrived with;
    quien más (y) quien menos some more, (and) some less
    * * *
    quien pron, pl quienes
    1) : who, whom
    no sé quien ganará: I don't know who will win
    las personas con quienes trabajo: the people with whom I work
    2) : whoever, whomever
    quien quiere salir que salga: whoever wants to can leave
    3) : anyone, some people
    hay quienes no están de acuerdo: some people don't agree
    quién pron, pl quiénes
    1) : who, whom
    ¿quién sabe?: who knows?
    ¿con quién hablo?: with whom am I speaking?
    2)
    de quien : whose
    ¿de quién es este libro?: whose book is this?
    * * *
    quien pron
    1. (sujeto) who
    2. (cualquiera) whoever
    quien desee venir, puede hacerlo whoever wants to come can do so
    quien llegue el primero, que nos guarde una mesa whoever gets there first, save us a table

    Spanish-English dictionary > quien

  • 11 sostener

    v.
    1 to support, to hold up.
    sostenme esto, por favor hold this for me, please
    La columna sostiene la pared The column supports the wall.
    Elsa sostiene la verdad Elsa sustains=adduces the truth.
    2 to defend (defender) (idea, opinión, tesis).
    sostener que… to maintain that…
    3 to support.
    4 to hold, to have (tener) (conversación).
    sostener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with somebody
    5 to sustain.
    La organización sostiene a María The organization sustains Mary.
    6 to maintain to.
    Ella sostiene tener crédito She maintains to have a credit.
    7 to claim to, to hold to.
    Elsa sostiene la verdad Elsa sustains=adduces the truth.
    Ella sostuvo ser la heredera She claimed to be the heiress.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener
    1 (mantener firme) to support, hold up
    2 (sujetar) to hold
    3 figurado (apoyar) to support, back
    4 figurado (soportar) to endure, bear, put up with
    5 figurado (defender) to defend, uphold
    6 figurado (afirmar) to maintain, affirm
    7 figurado (alimentar) to support, keep
    8 figurado (velocidad, correspondencia, relación, etc) to keep up, maintain
    1 (mantenerse) to support oneself; (de pie) to stand up
    2 (permanecer) to stay, remain
    \
    sostener la palabra figurado to keep one's word
    sostener una conversación figurado to hold a conversation
    sostener la mirada a alguien figurado to stare somebody out
    * * *
    verb
    2) hold
    3) defend, uphold
    4) maintain, sustain
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=sujetar)
    a) [en las manos, los brazos] to hold

    ¡sostén esto un momentito! — hold this a minute!

    b) [en pie] [+ construcción, edificio, techo] to hold up, support

    entró borracho, sostenido por dos amigos — he came in drunk, held up o supported by two friends

    c) (=soportar) [+ peso, carga] to bear, carry, sustain frm
    2) (=proporcionar apoyo a)
    a) [económicamente] to support
    b) (=alimentar) to support, sustain frm
    c) [moralmente] to support
    3) (=mantener)
    a) [+ opinión] to hold

    sostiene un punto de vista muy diferentehe has o holds a very different point of view

    la investigación no ha terminado, como sostiene el juez — the investigation has not concluded, as the judge maintains o holds

    sostener queto maintain o hold that

    sigue sosteniendo que es inocenteshe still maintains o holds that she is innocent

    b) [+ situación] to maintain, keep up

    sostener la mirada de algn — to hold sb's gaze

    4) (=tener) [+ conversación, enfrentamiento, polémica] to have
    [+ reunión, audiencia]
    5) (Mús) [+ nota] to hold, sustain
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( apoyar)
    a) <estructura/techo> to hold up, support; <carga/peso> to bear
    b) ( en un estado) to keep
    c) ( sustentar) < familia> to support, maintain
    2) (sujetar, tener cogido) < paquete> to hold

    no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo — don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you

    3) <conversación/relación/reunión> to have
    4)
    a) ( opinar) to hold

    yo siempre he sostenido que... — I have always maintained o held that...

    b) <argumento/afirmación> to support, back up
    5)
    a) <lucha/ritmo/resistencia> to keep up, sustain
    b) (Mús) < nota> to hold, sustain
    2.
    sostenerse v pron
    1)
    a) ( no caerse)
    b) ( en un estado) to remain
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( apoyar)
    a) <estructura/techo> to hold up, support; <carga/peso> to bear
    b) ( en un estado) to keep
    c) ( sustentar) < familia> to support, maintain
    2) (sujetar, tener cogido) < paquete> to hold

    no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo — don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you

    3) <conversación/relación/reunión> to have
    4)
    a) ( opinar) to hold

    yo siempre he sostenido que... — I have always maintained o held that...

    b) <argumento/afirmación> to support, back up
    5)
    a) <lucha/ritmo/resistencia> to keep up, sustain
    b) (Mús) < nota> to hold, sustain
    2.
    sostenerse v pron
    1)
    a) ( no caerse)
    b) ( en un estado) to remain
    * * *
    sostener1
    1 = sustain, balance, hold.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio held.

    Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

    Ex: He lifted about five lines from the top of the nearest page on a setting rule and balanced it on his left hand, with the face of the letter towards him and the last line uppermost.
    Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.

    sostener2
    2 = be + Posesivo + contention, contend, submit, uphold, underpin, hold, maintain.

    Ex: It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.

    Ex: The author contends that it is possible to view the search conducted with the aid of a series of menus as having strong similarities with the search through the hierarchy of a enumerative classification scheme.
    Ex: I submit that no ordinary, right-minded library user who is looking for Western Behavioral Institute is going to look under LA JOLLA, California.
    Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex: This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    * sostener la opinión = argue.
    * sostener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * sostener un punto de vista = assert + view, hold + point of view.

    * * *
    vt
    1 ‹estructura/techo› to hold up, support; ‹carga/peso› to bear
    tenían que sostenerlo los dos it needed both of them to support him o hold him o prop him up
    2 (en un estado) to keep
    las fuerzas que lo sostuvieron en el poder the forces which kept him in power
    lo único que la sostiene es la fuerza de voluntad it's sheer willpower that's keeping her going
    3 (sustentar) ‹familia› to support, maintain
    B (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹paquete› to hold
    no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you o I'll keep hold of you
    sostén la puerta hold the door open
    ponte un pasador para sostener el pelo put a barrette ( AmE) o ( BrE) slide in your hair to keep it in place ( o up etc)
    C ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to have
    sostuvieron una acalorada discusión they had a heated discussion
    no he sostenido nunca una relación duradera I've never had a lasting relationship
    la polémica que sostiene con Godoy the dispute that he and Godoy are engaged in o that he is carrying on with Godoy
    D
    1 (opinar) to hold
    yo siempre he sostenido que … I have always maintained o held that …
    2 ‹argumento/afirmación› to support, back up
    no tienes pruebas para sostener esa afirmación you don't have any proof to back up o support that statement
    E
    1 ‹lucha/ritmo/resistencia› to keep up, sustain
    la miró y ella sostuvo su mirada he looked at her and she held his gaze
    2 ( Mús) ‹nota› to hold, sustain
    A
    1
    (no caerse): la estructura se sostiene sola the structure stays up o stands up without support
    estaba tan débil que apenas se sostenía en pie he was so weak that he could hardly stand
    la planta ya no se sostiene the plant doesn't stand up on its own o can't support itself any more
    2 (en un estado) to remain
    se sostuvo en el poder a pesar de la crisis she managed to stay o remain in power despite the crisis
    la economía se ha sostenido firme the economy has held o stood firm
    se sostuvo en su negativa he kept o stuck firmly to his refusal
    B
    (sustentarse): apenas puede sostenerse con lo que gana he can hardly support himself on what he earns
    se sostiene a base de zumos y de leche she lives on o survives on fruit juice and milk
    * * *

     

    sostener ( conjugate sostener) verbo transitivo
    1 ( apoyar)
    a)estructura/techo to hold up, support;

    carga/peso to bear

    2 (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹ paquete to hold;
    no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you

    3conversación/relación/reunión to have
    4

    b)argumento/afirmación to support, back up

    5
    a)lucha/ritmo/resistencia to keep up, sustain;


    b) (Mús) ‹ nota to hold, sustain

    sostenerse verbo pronominal
    a) ( no caerse):


    apenas se sostenía en pie he could hardly stand


    sostener verbo transitivo
    1 (un peso, cúpula, etc) to support, hold up
    (con la mano) sosténme el paraguas un momento, hold the umbrella for me for a moment
    2 fig (un derecho, etc) to uphold
    (una teoría) to maintain
    3 (a la familia) to support
    4 (negociaciones, una conversación) to have
    ' sostener' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    coger
    - mantener
    - mirada
    - sujetarse
    - aguantar
    - sostuve
    - sujetar
    - tener
    English:
    allege
    - argue
    - bolster
    - contend
    - hold up
    - submit
    - support
    - sustain
    - uphold
    - hold
    - prop
    * * *
    vt
    1. [sujetar] [edificio, estructura, lo que se tambalea] to support, to hold up;
    [objeto, puerta, bebé] to hold;
    cuatro columnas sostienen todo el peso de la cúpula four columns take o support the entire weight of the dome;
    sosténgame esto, por favor hold this for me, please;
    si no nos llegan a sostener nos hubiéramos peleado if they hadn't held us back, we'd have started fighting;
    sólo les sostiene su inquebrantable optimismo the only thing that keeps them going is their unshakeable optimism
    2. [dar manutención a, sustentar] to support
    3. [mantener] [idea, opinión, tesis] to defend;
    [promesa, palabra] to keep;
    sostienen su oferta/invitación their offer/invitation still stands;
    sostener que… to maintain that…
    4. [tener] [conversación] to have;
    [reunión, negociaciones] to hold, to have;
    sostener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;
    durante semanas sostuvo una agria polémica he was involved in a bitter dispute which lasted several weeks
    5. Fig [aguantar]
    el corredor no podía sostener aquel ritmo de carrera the athlete couldn't keep up with the pace of the race;
    era una situación imposible de sostener the situation was untenable;
    le sostuve la mirada I held her gaze
    6. Mús
    sostener una nota to hold a note
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 familia support
    2 opinión hold
    * * *
    sostener {80} vt
    1) : to support, to hold up
    2) : to hold
    sostenme la puerta: hold the door for me
    sostener una conversación: to hold a conversation
    3) : to sustain, to maintain
    * * *
    1. (sujetar) to hold [pt. & pp. held]
    2. (aguantar) to support
    3. (afirmar, mantener) to maintain
    sostenerse en pie to stand up [pt. & pp. stood]

    Spanish-English dictionary > sostener

  • 12 Hedley, William

    [br]
    b. 13 July 1779 Newburn, Northumberland, England
    d. 9 January 1843 Lanchester, Co. Durham, England
    [br]
    English coal-mine manager, pioneer in the construction and use of steam locomotives.
    [br]
    The Wylam wagonway passed Newburn, and Hedley, who went to school at Wylam, must have been familiar with this wagonway from childhood. It had been built c.1748 to carry coal from Wylam Colliery to the navigable limit of the Tyne at Lemington. In 1805 Hedley was appointed viewer, or manager, of Wylam Colliery by Christopher Blackett, who had inherited the colliery and wagonway in 1800. Unlike most Tyneside wagonways, the gradient of the Wylam line was insufficient for loaded wagons to run down by gravity and they had to be hauled by horses. Blackett had a locomotive, of the type designed by Richard Trevithick, built at Gateshead as early as 1804 but did not take delivery, probably because his wooden track was not strong enough. In 1808 Blackett and Hedley relaid the wagonway with plate rails of the type promoted by Benjamin Outram, and in 1812, following successful introduction of locomotives at Middleton by John Blenkinsop, Blackett asked Hedley to investigate the feasibility of locomotives at Wylam. The expense of re-laying with rack rails was unwelcome, and Hedley experimented to find out the relationship between the weight of a locomotive and the load it could move relying on its adhesion weight alone. He used first a model test carriage, which survives at the Science Museum, London, and then used a full-sized test carriage laden with weights in varying quantities and propelled by men turning handles. Having apparently satisfied himself on this point, he had a locomotive incorporating the frames and wheels of the test carriage built. The work was done at Wylam by Thomas Waters, who was familiar with the 1804 locomotive, Timothy Hackworth, foreman smith, and Jonathan Forster, enginewright. This locomotive, with cast-iron boiler and single cylinder, was unsatisfactory: Hackworth and Forster then built another locomotive to Hedley's design, with a wrought-iron return-tube boiler, two vertical external cylinders and drive via overhead beams through pinions to the two axles. This locomotive probably came into use in the spring of 1814: it performed well and further examples of the type were built. Their axle loading, however, was too great for the track and from about 1815 each locomotive was mounted on two four-wheeled bogies, the bogie having recently been invented by William Chapman. Hedley eventually left Wylam in 1827 to devote himself to other colliery interests. He supported the construction of the Clarence Railway, opened in 1833, and sent his coal over it in trains hauled by his own locomotives. Two of his Wylam locomotives survive— Puffing Billy at the Science Museum, London, and Wylam Dilly at the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh—though how much of these is original and how much dates from the period 1827–32, when the Wylam line was re-laid with edge rails and the locomotives reverted to four wheels (with flanges), is a matter of mild controversy.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.R.B.Brooks, 1980, William Hedley Locomotive Pioneer, Newcastle upon Tyne: Tyne \& Wear Industrial Monuments Trust (a good recent short biography of Hedley, with bibliography).
    R.Young, 1975, Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive, Shildon: Shildon "Stockton \& Darlington Railway" Silver Jubilee Committee; orig. pub. 1923, London.
    C.R.Warn, 1976, Waggonways and Early Railways of Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Hedley, William

  • 13 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 18 January 1888 London, England
    d. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England
    [br]
    English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.
    [br]
    Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.
    Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.
    In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.
    The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.
    Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1953. CBE 1918.
    Bibliography
    1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).
    Further Reading
    A.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.
    B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).
    CM / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch

  • 14 imponerse

    1 to impose one's authority (a, on)
    2 (obligarse) to force oneself to
    3 (prevalecer) to prevail
    4 (predominar) to become fashionable
    * * *
    * * *
    VPR
    1) (=obligarse) [+ horario, tarea] to set o.s.
    2) (=hacerse respetar) to assert one's authority, assert o.s.

    imponerse a o sobre algn — to assert one's authority over sb

    3) (=prevalecer) [criterio] to prevail; [moda] to become fashionable
    4) frm (=ser necesario) [cambio] to be needed; [conclusión] to be inescapable
    5) (Dep) (=vencer) to win
    sprint
    6) (=instruirse)

    imponerse en algo — to acquaint o.s. with sth

    7) Méx
    * (=acostumbrarse)
    * * *
    (v.) = prevail, obtrude (into), take + hold, put + Posesivo + foot down, overrule
    Ex. The emphasis on title entry came from the specialized libraries, primarily the technical libraries, that were small but had the money and the power behind them to see that their view prevails.
    Ex. The librarian will provide whatever help is required without obtruding into the process.
    Ex. New computer-supported systems such as PRECIS will probably take hold only in languages and countries where a subject analysis system does not already exist.
    Ex. Native speakers of English use idioms such as ' put your foot down' and 'spill the beans' to label events that are not described literally by the words that make up the idioms.
    Ex. President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    * * *
    (v.) = prevail, obtrude (into), take + hold, put + Posesivo + foot down, overrule

    Ex: The emphasis on title entry came from the specialized libraries, primarily the technical libraries, that were small but had the money and the power behind them to see that their view prevails.

    Ex: The librarian will provide whatever help is required without obtruding into the process.
    Ex: New computer-supported systems such as PRECIS will probably take hold only in languages and countries where a subject analysis system does not already exist.
    Ex: Native speakers of English use idioms such as ' put your foot down' and 'spill the beans' to label events that are not described literally by the words that make up the idioms.
    Ex: President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.

    * * *

    ■imponerse verbo reflexivo
    1 (prevalecer) to prevail: se impuso la sensatez, good sense prevailed
    2 (ser necesario) to be necessary: se impone un cambio de política social, a programme of social change is necessary
    3 (dominar) to impose: se impone a todos los demás, he dominates everybody else
    4 (una carga, un deber) to take on: te impusiste una tarea hercúlea, you took on a Herculean task
    ' imponerse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    imponer
    English:
    assert
    - catch
    - foot
    - prevail
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [hacerse respetar] to command respect, to show authority;
    trató de imponerse ante sus alumnos she tried to assert her authority over her pupils
    2. [ponerse] [obligación, tarea] to take on;
    me he impuesto una dieta muy estricta I've imposed a very strict diet on myself, I've put myself on a very strict diet;
    me impuse un fuerte ritmo de trabajo I set myself a good pace for my work
    3. [predominar] to prevail;
    esta primavera se impondrán los colores vivos y los vestidos cortos this spring the fashion will be for bright colours and short dresses
    4. [ser necesario] to be necessary;
    se impone una rápida solución al problema a rapid solution to the problem must be found;
    se impone tomar medidas urgentes urgent measures are necessary
    5. [vencer] to win;
    Francia se impuso por dos goles a uno France won by two goals to one;
    se impuso al resto de los corredores she beat the other runners;
    se impuso al esprint he won the sprint for the line;
    al final se impuso la sensatez y dejaron de insultarse common sense finally prevailed and they stopped insulting each other
    * * *
    v/r
    1 ( hacerse respetar) assert o.s.
    2 DEP win
    3 ( prevalecer) prevail
    4 ( ser necesario) be imperative
    5
    :
    imponerse una tarea set o.s. a task
    * * *
    vr
    1) : to take on (a duty)
    2) : to assert oneself
    3) : to prevail
    * * *
    1. (hacerse obedecer) to assert yourself
    2. (superar a alguien) to beat [pt. beat; pp. beaten]
    3. (ganar) to win [pt. & pp. won]
    4. (hacerse popular) to become fashionable [pt. became; pp. become]

    Spanish-English dictionary > imponerse

  • 15 Roebling, John Augustus

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 12 July 1806 Muhlhausen, Prussia
    d. 22 July 1869 Brooklyn, New York, USA
    [br]
    German/American bridge engineer and builder.
    [br]
    The son of Polycarp Roebling, a tobacconist, he studied mathematics at Dr Unger's Pedagogium in Erfurt and went on to the Royal Polytechnic Institute in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1826 with honours in civil engineering. He spent the next three years working for the Prussian government on the construction of roads and bridges. With his brother and a group of friends, he emigrated to the United States, sailing from Bremen on 23 May 1831 and docking in Philadelphia eleven weeks later. They bought 7,000 acres (2,800 hectares) in Butler County, western Pennsylvania, and established a village, at first called Germania but later known as Saxonburg. Roebling gave up trying to establish himself as a farmer and found work for the state of Pennsylvania as Assistant Engineer on the Beaver River canal and others, then surveying a railroad route across the Allegheny Mountains. During his canal work, he noted the failings of the hemp ropes that were in use at that time, and recalled having read of wire ropes in a German journal; he built a rope-walk at his Saxonburg farm, bought a supply of iron wire and trained local labour in the method of wire twisting.
    At this time, many canals crossed rivers by means of aqueducts. In 1844, the Pennsylvania Canal aqueduct across the Allegheny River was due to be renewed, having become unsafe. Roebling made proposals which were accepted by the canal company: seven wooden spans of 162 ft (49 m) each were supported on either side by a 7 in. (18 cm) diameter cable, Roebling himself having to devise all the machinery required for the erection. He subsequently built four more suspension aqueducts, one of which was converted to a toll bridge and was still in use a century later.
    In 1849 he moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where he set up a new wire rope plant. In 1851 he started the construction (completed in 1855) of an 821 ft (250 m) long suspension railroad bridge across the Niagara River, 245 ft (75 m) above the rapids; each cable consisted of 3,640 wrought iron wires. A lower deck carried road traffic. He also constructed a bridge across the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Covington, a task which was much protracted due to the Civil War; this bridge was finally completed in 1866.
    Roebling's crowning achievement was to have been the design and construction of the bridge over the Hudson River between Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York, but he did not live to see its completion. It had a span of 1,595 ft (486 m), designed to bear a load of 18,700 tons (19,000 tonnes) with a headroom of 135 ft (41 m). The work of building had barely started when, at the Brooklyn wharf, a boat crushed Roebling's foot against the timbering and he died of tetanus three weeks later. His son, Washington Augustus Roebling, then took charge of this great work.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    D.B.Steinman and S.R.Watson, 1941, Bridges and their Builders, New York: Dover Books.
    D.McCullough, 1982, The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge, New York: Simon \& Schuster.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Roebling, John Augustus

  • 16 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 17 estado

    m.
    1 state.
    estado de excepción o emergencia state of emergency
    estado de salud (state of) health
    estado de sitio state of siege
    estar en buen/mal estado to be in good/bad condition; (vehículo, terreno) to be fresh/off (alimento, bebida)
    en estado de alerta on (the) alert
    estar en estado (de esperanza o buena esperanza) to be expecting
    quedarse en estado to become pregnant
    estado anímico o de ánimo state of mind
    estado de bienestar welfare state
    estado civil marital status
    estado de cuentas statement of accounts
    2 state (gobierno).
    el estado the State
    3 state.
    estado policial police state
    estado satélite satellite (state)
    Estados Unidos de América United States of America
    4 status, standing.
    5 condition, shape.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: estar.
    * * *
    1 (situación) state, condition
    3 HISTORIA estate
    4 PLÍTICA state
    \
    estar en buen estado to be in good condition
    estar en estado to be pregnant
    estar en estado de funcionamiento to be in working order
    estar en mal estado to be in bad condition
    estado civil marital status
    estado de ánimo state of mind
    estado de bienestar welfare state
    estado de cuentas statement of accounts
    estado de excepción state of emergency
    estado de guerra state of war
    estado de salud state of health
    estado noble noble estate
    estado sólido solid state
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=situación)
    a) [de objeto, proceso] state

    ¿en qué estado se encuentran las relaciones entre los dos países? — what is the state of relations between the two countries?

    estar en buen estado — [instalación, alimentos] to be in good condition

    estar en mal estado — [instalación] to be in (a) poor condition, be in a bad state; [alimentos] to be off

    b) [de persona] condition

    estado de alarma, estado de alerta — state of alert

    estado de ánimo[emocional] mood; [mental] state of mind

    estado de coma — coma, state of coma

    en este estado de cosas, lo mejor es convocar nuevas elecciones — given the state of affairs, the best thing to do is call another election

    ¿cuál es el estado de cosas ahora? — what's the state of play now?

    estado de emergencia, estado de excepción — state of emergency

    estado de gracia[de creyente] state of grace; [de político, gobierno] honeymoon period; [de deportista] run of good form

    estado de la red — (Inform) volume of users

    estado de salud — condition, state of health

    2) (Fís) state
    3)

    en estado (=embarazada)

    estar en estado de buena esperanzato be expecting

    en avanzado estado de gestación — heavily pregnant, in an advanced state of pregnancy

    estar en estado interesantehum to be expecting, be in the family way *

    4) (=nación) state

    los intereses del estadonational o state interests

    asuntos de estado — affairs of state, state affairs

    hombre de estado — statesman

    estado asistencial, estado benefactor — welfare state

    estado del bienestar, estado de previsión — welfare state

    golpe 10)
    5) (=región) [en EE.UU., México, Brasil] state
    6) ( Hist) (=clase) estate

    el estado eclesiásticothe clergy

    estado llano, tercer estado — third estate, commoners pl

    7) (Mil)
    8) (Com, Econ) (=informe) report

    estado de contabilidad Méx balance sheet

    estado de cuenta — bank statement, statement of account frm

    estado de cuentas[de una empresa] statement of account

    * * *
    1)
    a) (situación, condición) state

    en avanzado estado de descomposición — (frml) in an advanced state of decomposition

    en estado de embriaguez — (frml) under the influence of alcohol

    tomar estado público — (RPl frml) to become public (knowledge)

    b) (Med) condition

    en avanzado estado de gestación — (frml) in an advanced state of pregnancy (frml)

    estar en estado — (euf) to be expecting (colloq)

    quedarse en estado — (euf) to get pregnant

    2) (nación, gobierno) state

    la seguridad del Estadonational o state security

    * * *
    1)
    a) (situación, condición) state

    en avanzado estado de descomposición — (frml) in an advanced state of decomposition

    en estado de embriaguez — (frml) under the influence of alcohol

    tomar estado público — (RPl frml) to become public (knowledge)

    b) (Med) condition

    en avanzado estado de gestación — (frml) in an advanced state of pregnancy (frml)

    estar en estado — (euf) to be expecting (colloq)

    quedarse en estado — (euf) to get pregnant

    2) (nación, gobierno) state

    la seguridad del Estadonational o state security

    * * *
    estado1
    1 = state, commonwealth.

    Ex: WLN (Western Library Network) is composed of libraries in the states of Washington and Alaska in the United states, and is expanding to cover other states and libraries in Canada.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Academic libraries: `towards commonwealth and coalitions'.
    * abogado del estado, abogado de la corona = Queen's Counsel (QC).
    * al norte del estado = upstate.
    * capital del estado = nation-state capital, state capital.
    * Capitolio del Estado = State Capitol.
    * condición de estado = statehood.
    * controlado por el estado = state-controlled.
    * Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la C = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).
    * de varios estados = multi-state [multistate].
    * empleado del estado = state employee.
    * en el norte del estado = upstate.
    * en todo el estado = statewide [state-wide].
    * estado árabe = Arab state.
    * estado de derecho = rule of law.
    * estado de hecho = rule of men.
    * estado del bienestar = welfare state.
    * estado isleño = island nation.
    * estado laico = secular state.
    * estado miembro = member government, member state.
    * estado nacional = nation state, national state.
    * estado niñera = nanny state.
    * estado paternalista = nanny state.
    * estados bálticos, los = Baltic States, the.
    * estado soberano = sovereign state.
    * Estados Unidos continental = continental United States, the.
    * Estados Unidos de América, los (EE.UU., los) = USA, the (United States of America, the).
    * Estados Unidos, los = US, US, the [U.S.], United States, the.
    * financiado por el estado = state-supported, state-funded.
    * golpe de estado = coup d'etat, putsch.
    * Guerra entre España y los Estados Unidos, la = Spanish-American War, the.
    * hombre de estado = statesman [statesmen, -pl.].
    * intento de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.
    * jefe de estado = head of state, chief of state.
    * jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.
    * localizado en los Estados Unidos = US-based.
    * nación sin estado = stateless nation.
    * objeto de delito contra el estado = impeachable.
    * papá estado = nanny state.
    * poder del estado = state power.
    * propiedad del estado = state property.
    * región central de los Estados Unidos, la = American midwest, the.
    * regulado por el estado = state-regulated.
    * secretario de Estado = Secretary of State.
    * Secretario de Estado, el = State Secretary, the.
    * secreto de estado = state secret.
    * supervisado por el estado = state-regulated.
    * tentativa de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.
    * visita de estado = state visit.
    * zona de los tres estados = tristate area.

    estado2
    2 = stage, state, status, condition.

    Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.

    Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.
    Ex: AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.
    Ex: He was laid upon the bed and upon examination his head was found in a terrible condition, swelled and bruised from the effect of sandbag blows.
    * alternar de un estado a otro = toggle.
    * base de datos en estado original = raw database.
    * buen estado físico = fitness, physical fitness.
    * datos en estado bruto = raw facts.
    * dejar a Alguien en estado = knock + Alguien + up.
    * el estado de las cosas = the lay of the land [the lie of the land, -UK].
    * en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.
    * en estado = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated.
    * en estado de alerta = on standby, on alert.
    * en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * en estado de descomposición = decaying.
    * en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.
    * en estado de reserva = on standby.
    * en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.
    * en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.
    * en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en mal estado = in bad condition, in poor condition, in bad shape, in poor shape, in bad nick.
    * en perfecto estado = intact, in mint condition, in immaculate condition.
    * en su estado embrionario = in its embryonic stage.
    * en su estado natural = in the wild.
    * en tado de deterioro = dilapidated.
    * en un estado embrionario = in an embryonic stage.
    * estado actual = current state, present state.
    * estado anímico = state, mood.
    * estado civil = marital status.
    * estado de abandono = state of neglect.
    * estado de alerta = state of alert.
    * estado de amenaza terrorista = terror alert.
    * estado de ánimo = mood, state of mind, frame of mind, humour [humor, -USA].
    * estado de cambio = state of flux.
    * estado de confusión = state of confusion.
    * estado de emergencia = state of emergency.
    * estado de excepción = state of emergency, state of exception.
    * estado de inactividad = state of dormancy.
    * estado de la circulación = traffic conditions.
    * estado de la cuestión = state of the art.
    * estado del arte = state of the art.
    * estado de las artes = state of the arts.
    * estado de las carreteras = traffic report, road conditions.
    * estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.
    * estado del ordenador en línea = onlineness.
    * estado del tiempo = weather conditions.
    * estado de salud = state of health.
    * estado de trance = state of trance.
    * estado de una situación = state of being.
    * estado de vigilia = wakefulness.
    * estado físico = physical condition, physical shape, physical state.
    * estado híbrido = hybridity.
    * estado incompleto = incompleteness.
    * estado latente = latency, state of dormancy.
    * estado líquido = molten state.
    * estado molecular = molecular state.
    * estado natural = natural state.
    * estado sólido = solid state.
    * estado vegetativo = vegetative state.
    * estado vegetativo persistente = persistent vegetative state.
    * estar en estado = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en estado de buena esperanza = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.
    * estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.
    * física del estado sólido = solid state physics.
    * información en su estado primario = raw information.
    * informe del estado de la cuestión = state of the art report, state of the art review.
    * informe sobre el estado de la nación = state of the nation report.
    * informe sobre el estado general de las carreteras = road report.
    * mal estado = disrepair, state of disrepair.
    * mal estado de salud = poor health.
    * mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.
    * mujer en estado = pregnant woman.
    * perfecto estado = intactness.
    * poner en estado de alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.
    * que conserva su estado natural = unspoilt [unspoiled, -USA].
    * quedarse en estado = become + pregnant, be up the spout.
    * sin información sobre el estado anterior = stateless.
    * volver Algo a su estado anterior = put + Nombre + back on track.

    * * *
    A
    1 (situación, condición) state
    el debate sobre el estado de la nación the debate on the state of the nation
    la casa está en buen estado the house is in good condition
    las carreteras están en muy mal estado the roads are in very poor condition o in a very bad state
    la carne estaba en mal estado the meat was bad o ( BrE) off
    en avanzado estado de descomposición ( frml); in an advanced state of decomposition
    en estado de embriaguez ( frml); under the influence of alcohol
    tomar estado público ( RPl frml); to become public (knowledge)
    2 ( Med) condition
    su estado general es satisfactorio ( frml); his general condition is satisfactory
    en avanzado estado de gestación ( frml); in an advanced state of pregnancy ( frml), seven ( o eight etc) months pregnant
    no debería fumar en su estado she shouldn't smoke in her condition
    estar en estado ( euf); to be expecting ( colloq)
    estar en estado de buena esperanza ( hum); to be expecting a happy event ( euph)
    estar en estado interesante ( hum); to be expecting ( colloq)
    quedarse en estado ( euf); to get pregnant
    Compuestos:
    marital status
    state of alert
    state of mind
    coma
    estaba en estado de coma she was in a coma
    bank statement, statement of account
    estado de emergencia or excepción
    state of emergency
    state of grace
    state of war
    weather conditions
    state of maximum alert
    state of maximum security
    state of siege
    financial statement
    solid state
    B
    1 (nación) state
    la seguridad del Estado national o state security
    2 (gobierno) state
    un asunto de estado a state matter
    el Estado the State
    3 ( Hist) (estamento) estate
    el primer/segundo/tercer estado the first/second/third estate
    Compuestos:
    welfare state
    city-state
    welfare state
    el estado llano the commonalty, the commons (pl)
    ( Mil) general staff
    police state
    sovereign state
    buffer state
    ( Pol); rogue state
    * * *

     

    Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar)

    estado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    estado    
    estar
    estado sustantivo masculino
    1


    estado de cuenta bank statement;
    estado de emergencia or excepción state of emergency;
    la casa está en buen estado the house is in good condition
    b) (Med) condition;

    estar en estado (euf) to be expecting (colloq);

    quedarse en estado (euf) to get pregnant
    c)


    2 (nación, gobierno) state;
    la seguridad del Eestado national o state security;

    estado de bienestar welfare state
    estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
    1

    Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;

    estás más gordo you've put on weight;
    estoy cansada I'm tired;
    está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
    ¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!
    b) ( con

    bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;

    ¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
    está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
    ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    3 ( seguido de participios)

    estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
    ver tb v aux 2
    4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
    (para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);

    ¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
    está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
    estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
    estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
    está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en un lugar) to be;
    ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;

    está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
    ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
    ¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
    solo estadoé unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
    ¿cuánto tiempo estadoás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
    2 ( en el tiempo):
    ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;

    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
    estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
    estamos en primavera it's spring
    3
    a) (tener como función, cometido):


    estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them


    4 (estar listo, terminado):

    lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
    enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
    5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):

    la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
    estado v aux
    1 ( con gerundio):

    estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
    2 ( con participio):

    ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
    ver tb estar cópula 3
    estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;
    ¿no te puedes estado quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;

    estese tranquilo don't worry
    estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
    estado sustantivo masculino
    1 Pol state
    estado de bienestar, welfare state
    2 (circunstancia, situación) state, condition: este abrigo está en un estado lamentable, this coat is in a terrible state
    no puedes conducir en ese estado, you can't drive in that condition
    estado de ánimo/ excepción/guerra/sitio, state of mind/emergency/ war/siege
    estado civil, marital status
    Mil Estado Mayor, staff
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en estado (de buena esperanza), to be expecting
    abogado del Estado, legal representative of the State
    razón de Estado, reason of State
    estar verbo intransitivo
    1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
    ¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
    no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
    estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
    su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
    2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
    estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
    quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
    3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
    está dormido, he's asleep
    está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
    (con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
    estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
    (con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
    está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
    4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
    5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
    estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
    (: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
    están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
    (: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
    ♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
    estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
    estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
    estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
    estar al caer, to be just round the corner
    estar en baja, to be waning
    estar en todo, to be on top of everything
    estaría bueno, whatever next
    ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
    ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
    está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
    estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
    me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
    ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
    ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
    esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
    cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
    ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
    estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
    estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
    ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
    familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
    ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
    estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
    El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.

    ' estado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - aconfesional
    - amiguete
    - animada
    - animado
    - anímica
    - anímico
    - ánimo
    - aparato
    - atonía
    - bajón
    - barra
    - bienestar
    - BOE
    - boletín
    - bonanza
    - bono
    - bregar
    - con
    - condición
    - coño
    - dejar
    - deplorable
    - desocupación
    - deterioro
    - día
    - dormitar
    - estribar
    - fiscal
    - fragmentaria
    - fragmentario
    - ir
    - golpe
    - gravedad
    - hombre
    - jefa
    - jefatura
    - jefe
    - lamentable
    - licitar
    - mentar
    - mira
    - notar
    - penosa
    - penoso
    - permanecer
    - permanencia
    - primitiva
    - primitivo
    English:
    abject
    - absent
    - act up
    - agitation
    - almost
    - Attorney General
    - bad
    - bad-tempered
    - be
    - blissful
    - budget
    - canvass
    - chancellor
    - check up on
    - club
    - combine
    - comfortable
    - condition
    - conscious
    - consciousness
    - coup
    - crown
    - decaying
    - deliberate
    - delusion
    - denunciation
    - disease
    - disheveled
    - dishevelled
    - disrepair
    - doldrums
    - ever
    - evident
    - fall
    - fitness
    - fixture
    - frame of mind
    - gilt-edged
    - he's
    - head
    - herself
    - himself
    - incompleteness
    - intermittent
    - intoxicated
    - limbo
    - maintain
    - marital status
    - marriage
    - mind
    * * *
    estado nm
    1. [situación, condición] state;
    su estado es grave his condition is serious;
    me lo encontré en un estado penoso I found him in a pitiful state;
    estar en buen/mal estado [vehículo, terreno, edificio] to be in good/bad condition;
    [alimento, bebida] to be fresh/Br off o US spoiled;
    la moqueta se halla en muy mal estado the carpet is in very bad condition;
    en estado de alerta on (the) alert;
    estar en estado (de buena esperanza) to be expecting, to be in the family way;
    quedarse en estado to become pregnant;
    estar en estado de merecer to be marriageable
    estado de ánimo state of mind, mood;
    estado de bienestar welfare state;
    estado civil marital status;
    estado de coma: [m5] en estado de coma in a coma;
    estado de cuentas statement of accounts;
    estado de emergencia state of emergency;
    estado de equilibrio state of equilibrium;
    estado estacionario [de enfermo] stable condition;
    estado de excepción state of emergency;
    estado de gracia [de santo] state of grace;
    estar en estado de gracia [deportista] to be on excellent form;
    estado de reposo: [m5] en estado de reposo at rest;
    estado de salud (state of) health;
    estado de sitio state of siege;
    estado vegetativo vegetative state;
    estado vegetativo permanente persistent vegetative state
    2. Fís state;
    un cuerpo en estado sólido/líquido/gaseoso a body in a solid/liquid/gaseous state
    estado cristalino crystalline state
    3. [gobierno] state;
    temas de estado affairs of state;
    un hombre de estado a statesman;
    el Estado [el gobierno, la administración] the State;
    asuntos que atañen a la seguridad del Estado matters relating to state security;
    el Estado de las Autonomías = the organization of the Spanish state into autonomous regions with varying degrees of devolved power
    4. [país, división territorial] state;
    un estado independiente an independent state;
    un estado de derecho a state which is subject to the rule of law
    estado policial police state;
    Estados Unidos (de América) United States (of America);
    Estados Unidos Mexicanos United Mexican States
    5. Mil Estado Mayor general staff
    6. Hist [estamento] estate
    Hist los Estados Generales the Estates General;
    el estado llano the third estate, the common people
    * * *
    m
    1 state
    2 MED condition;
    en buen/mal estado in good/bad condition
    3
    :
    el Estado the State
    * * *
    estado nm
    1) : state
    2) : status
    estado civil: marital status
    3) condición: condition
    * * *
    1. (en general) state
    2. (condición) condition

    Spanish-English dictionary > estado

  • 18 ГЛАГОЛ

    1. ГЛАГОЛ повторяется в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени, чтобы подчеркнуть непрерывность
    @ делаем и будем делать
    Мы поддерживали и будем поддерживать прифронтовые государства Африки.
    We have always supported the front-line African states. We are continuing to support the front-line African states. We shall continue to support the front-line African states. We shall continue our support ( глагол заменяется существительным) for the front-line African states. @ не делаем и не сделаем
    Россия не ослабляет и не ослабит усилий, направленных на то, чтобы отвести от человечества военную угрозу.
    Russia will not slacken its efforts/will persist in its efforts/will continue its efforts to protect mankind from the threat of war. @ не делали и не делаем
    Переводится обязательно сложным временем.
    Мы никогда не искали и не ищем себе выгод – будь то экономические, политические или иные. – We have never sought profits/advantages for ourselves – be they economic, political, or any other kind. @ делали и делаем
    Мы предлагали и предлагаем договориться о полном запрещении ядерного оружия.
    We are continuing to propose/continue to propose/continue to favor/we have always favored/always proposed agreement on a total nuclear weapons test ban. @ не сделали и не сделаем
    Наша страна не допустила и не допустит вмешательства в свои внутренние дела. –
    Our country has never allowed/will never allow/will continue to prevent/oppose interference in its internal affairs. @ делали и будем делать
    Мы выступали и будем выступать в их поддержку. -
    We shall continue to support them. (Лучше чем We have always supported them) @
    2. ГЛАГОЛ, повторенный через дефис
    keep \+ verb
    Я иду-иду, уже сил нет, а все еще далеко до места. – I keep/kept on going, but it is/was still a long distance to/far to the place.
    On I went,/I walked and walked, but… *** Он смотрел-смотрел, никак не мог разглядеть. – He kept on looking but/No matter how he looked he could not make it out.
    3. передача инфинитива при помощи будущего времени
    Дети есть дети. – Children will be children.
    4. повелительное наклонение
    а) в условном времени
    Приди я вовремя, ничего бы не случилось. – If I had come in time nothing would have happened.
    б) для выражения протеста против необходимости выполнять нежелательные действия
    Тебе хорошо с гостями чаи распивать, а я дома сиди. – You’re having fun drinking tea with the guests while/but I’ve got to stay home.
    Сами гулять пойдете, а я пиши. – You can/go off on your own, I’ve got to write/ I’m stuck with the writing.
    с) неожиданное или непредвиденное действие
    Он меня позвал – я споткнись, чашку разбил. – He called out to me and I stumbled and broke a cup.
    Дорога ровная – а он возьми и упади. – The road was flat/even when all of a sudden he fell.
    5. Настоящее время, описывающее серию событий в прошлом, переводится прошедшим.
    Возвращаюсь я вчера вечером домой, иду по нашей улице, вдруг слышу знакомый голос. – Last night as I was going home, walking down our street, I suddenly heard a familiar voice.
    6. Настоящее время переводится и настоящим, и будущим.
    Я уезжаю через неделю, завтра я весь день работаю, а вечером сижу дома. – I’m leaving in a week – tomorrow I’ll work/I’m working all day and in the evening I’ll be home.
    7. Совершенный вид русских глаголов, выражающих повторное действие, переводится с помощью длительного настоящего времени.
    Сегодня мне весь день мешают – то кто-нибудь придет, то телефон зазвонит. – I’m being bothered all day – people keep coming in and the phone keeps ringing.
    8. Описание характерного или привычного поведения человека.
    Он всегда прибежит, накричит, наскандалит, а потом удивляется, почему его не любят. – He’s always barging in/rushing in screaming/yelling at someone/causing trouble/insulting people/offending people/raising a row and then he wonders why/is surprised that/and then he asks why people don’t like him.
    9. В разговорных конструкциях прошедшее время от глаголов «пойти» и «поехать» передается будущим временем.
    Я пошел. – I’m about to leave.
    Я поехал, буду через два часа. – I’m off/I’ll be going/I’ll be back in two hours.
    10. Перевод конструкций типа «то, что» «чтобы»
    a) Сокращение и переосмысление
    Сложность этого эксперимента заключается в том, что он требует длительного времени. – The problem with this experiment is that it requires a lot of time.
    Утешение было только в том, что он уезжал всего на несколько дней. – The only consolation was that he would be away for long/was leaving for only a few days.
    б) использование деепричастного оборота (это идиоматичнее и короче)
    Мы начали вечер с того, что предложили всем потанцевать. – We started the party/evening by suggesting/with the suggestion that everyone dance.
    Он начал с того, что лично познакомился со всеми.- Не began by introducing himself to everyone/by getting personally acquainted with everyone.
    в) Порой «чтобы» не переводится, и время глагола определяется контекстом:
    Я не видел, чтобы он чистил зубы. - I didn't see him brush his teeth/I never saw him brush his teeth.
    Я хочу, чтобы вы меня правильно поняли. - I want you to understand me correctly/to get what I mean.
    г) to + infinitive вместо довольно неуклюжей конструкции in order to или so as to
    Я вернулся с тем, чтобы предупредить вас. - I came back to warn you.
    Я пришел не с тем, чтобы спорить с вами. - I didn't come to argue with you.
    д) Иногда можно заменить «чтобы» словами so that:
    Говори, чтобы все поняли. - Speak so that everyone understands/gets the point.
    11. Придаточные предложения, которые начинаются с «как» или с «как бы», можно перевести на английский с помощью условного наклонения или деепричастия.
    Я люблю смотреть, как он выступает. - I like watching him perform/I like to watch him perform/I like watching him performing.
    Он боялся, как бы не простудиться. - Не was afraid of catching cold/He was afraid he might/could catch cold.
    12. «He + инфинитив + бы» требует don't или see that X doesn't do Y.
    He простудиться бы! - Take care/I'll take care not to/See that you don't catch cold.
    He забыть бы его адрес! - See you don't/take care not to/be sure you don't/I mustn't/I must take care not to forget his address.
    13. перевод вида глагола
    а) Переводчик должен постоянно иметь в виду, что в английском языке используются совершенно разные глаголы для передачи смысла обоих членов одной русской видовой пары, как, например, «сделать» и «делать»
    Что же делал Бельтов в продолжение этих десяти лет? Все или почти все. Что он сделал? Ничего или почти ничего. -
    What did Beltov do during these ten years? Everything or almost everything. What did he achieve? Nothing, or almost nothing. уверить — convince решать — try to solve решить — solve. учиться — study научиться — learn отыскивать — look for отыскать — find сдавать экзамен - to take an exam сдать экзамен - to pass an exam поступать в университет - to apply to a university поступить в университет - be admitted/get into a university
    б) При переводе глаголов несовершенного вида нельзя не подчеркнуть, что речь идет о попытках говорящего или кого-то другого что-либо сделать.
    Войска брали крепость целый месяц. - The troops tried for a whole month to take the fortress.
    Я к нему долго привыкал, но наконец привык. - For a long time I tried to get used to him, and finally did. He оправдывайся! - Don't try to justify yourselfl/Don't try to make excuses!
    с)Существует также целая категория особых глаголов, у которых несовершенный вид указывает на состояние, которое является результатом завершенного действия и передается совершенным видом.
    Я «понимаю» is the result of «я понял», and note that English "I understand" translates them both. The formal pair «разобраться/разбираться» are exactly the same; the verb in «я разобрался в этом» is an achievement with the change-of-state meaning characteristic of perfectives, while the verb in «я разбираюсь в этом» signals the state resulting from the achievement. They may both be translated as / understand, but the former means / have figured out (come to understand), while the latter means I understand (as a result of having figured out). These verbs belong to a very large group of perfectives whose change of state is inceptive, whose imperfectives denote the new, resulting state: «понял, понимаю, поверил, верю, понравиться, нравиться».
    14. Перевод безличных конструкций
    а) Во множественном числе третьего лица безличную конструкцию можно переделать в пассивную:
    Посетителей просят оставить верхнюю одежду в гардеробе. -
    Visitors are requested/asked to leave/Visitors must leave/check their coats in the coatroom.
    б) Можно вставить субъект/подлежащее:
    Об этом часто приходится слышать. - I/he/we/they often hear about this.
    Чувствовалось, что он доволен. - I/we/they felt/could feel that he was pleased.
    в) В некоторых контекстах возвратные глаголы переводятся как переходные с добавлением подлежащего:
    Под вакуумом понимается пространство, не содержащее вещества. - A vacuum is defined as space/By a vacuum we mean space/The definition of a vacuum is space/A vacuum is understood to be space free from/not containing/devoid of matter.
    В данном случае сложное движение рассматривается как результат двух движений. - In this case complex movement is considered as/considered to be/we see complex movement as/we define complex movement as the result of two movements.
    г) Когда русское местоимение является дополнением безличных глаголов, то можно переделать в подлежащее/субъект.
    В ушах звенело, во рту пересохло. - His/my ears were ringing, his/my throat was dry.
    Меня неудержимо клонило в сон. - I felt an irresistible urge to sleep/I just couldn't stay awake/I felt horribly/terribly/awfully sleepy. Ее потянуло в Париж. - She felt an urge to go to Paris/Paris was calling to her/She felt like going to Paris. Мне жаль мою подругу. - I'm sorry for my girlfriend.
    15. Перевод причастий
    @ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРИЧАСТИЕ НАСТОЯЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ
    1. переводится на английский глагольной формой на -ing.
    Девушка, читающая книгу, очень красива - The girl who is reading the book is very pretty.
    2. переводится с пропуском причастия, т.е. с помощью короткого оборота с предлогом и краткого придаточного предложения
    Группа, имеющая такие блестящие результаты, является гордостью нашего института. - The group with such outstanding results is the pride of our institute.
    Вопрос, выходящий за рамки данной статьи. - A matter/issue/question beyond the scope of this article.
    ***
    см. ГЛАГОЛ
    @ВОЗВРАТНАЯ ЧАСТИЦА
    обычно переводится оборотом с предлогом:
    Строящийся завод является одним из новейших в стране. - The factory under construction is one of the newest in the country.
    ***
    см. ГЛАГОЛ
    @ПРИНАДЛЕЖАЩИЙ
    можно выразить просто притяжательной формой:
    Книга, принадлежащая ей. - Her book.
    ***
    см. ГЛАГОЛ
    @СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ НАСТОЯЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ
    1. переводятся с русского языка скорее как прилагательные, чем как причастия.
    Проводимая страной политика одобряется всем народом. - The policy pursued (not "which is being pursued") by our country has the backing/approval of the entire people.
    2. в некоторых случаях причастие можно просто опустить:
    Ясно определились позиции, занимаемые обеими сторонами по таким жизненно важным вопросам. - The positions of both sides on such vitally important questions are now clear.
    ***
    см. ГЛАГОЛ
    @
    16. Перевод деепричастий.
    а) Прошедшее время из русского языка нередко переходит в английский в качестве деепричастия.
    Мы видели, как дети купались в реке. We saw the children swimming in the river.
    б) Деепричастие настоящего времени подчас приходится переводить на английский прошедшим:
    Раза два в год бывал в Москве и, возвращаясь оттуда, рассказывал об этом. Не would visit/used to visit Moscow a couple of times a year, and after returning home/on his return home tell/would tell about it.
    в) Деепричастие прошедшего времени в некоторых случаях становится деепричастием и в настоящем:
    Сев за рояль, она заиграла вальс. - Sitting at the piano, she played a waltz.
    г) При переводе русских деепричастий бывает необходимым объяснение причинных или временных обстоятельств:
    Выслушав меня внимательно, вы быстро меня поймете. If you listen to me carefully, you'll understand quickly.
    Почувствовав голод, они решили обедать без гостей. - Because/since they were hungry, they decided to eat without/without waiting for/the guests. Переехав в собственную квартиру, он стал гораздо более самостоятельным человеком. - When/after he moved to his own apartment he became a lot more independent.
    д) В описательных деепричастных оборотах можно заменить деепричастие конструкцией «with + имя существительное»:
    Он сидел, закрыв глаза. - Не sat/was sitting with his eyes closed.
    «Это очень смешно!» — сказал он, засмеявшись. "That's very funny," he said with a laugh.
    е) Так называемые «безличные» деепричастия, которые часто встречаются в Русских технических текстах, иногда заменяются существительными или перед ними вставляется предлог.
    Используя эти данные, можно приближенно предсказать процесс. - Use of this data allows us to make an approximate prediction of the process/By using this data, we can make...
    Изучая эту таблицу, легко видеть, что... - Study of this table makes it clear that.../In studying this table we clearly see that…
    17. Сокращение глагольных конструкций
    Подчас русское словосочетание выражается одним английским глаголом. Смысл передается при помощи приставки или суффикса en-, un-, -ize, -ate.
    утверждать то, что оказалось чистейшей чепухой – to talk utter nonsense
    располагать в алфавитном порядке – to alphabetize заставить грубой силой – to bludgeon приводить в систему, распределять по категориям – list, categorize лишать законной силы – to invalidate выводить из строя – to incapacitate поймать в ловушку – to entrap

    Словарь переводчика-синхрониста (русско-английский) > ГЛАГОЛ

  • 19 Gestetner, David

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. March 1854 Csorna, Hungary
    d. 8 March 1939 Nice, France
    [br]
    Hungarian/British pioneer of stencil duplicating.
    [br]
    For the first twenty-five years of his life, Gestetner was a rolling stone and accordingly gathered no moss. Leaving school in 1867, he began working for an uncle in Sopron, making sausages. Four years later he apprenticed himself to another uncle, a stockbroker, in Vienna. The financial crisis of 1873 prompted a move to a restaurant, also in the family, but tiring of a menial existence, he emigrated to the USA, travelling steerage. He began to earn a living by selling Japanese kites: these were made of strong Japanese paper coated with lacquer, and he noted their long fibres and great strength, an observation that was later to prove useful when he was searching for a suitable medium for stencil duplicating. However, he did not prosper in the USA and he returned to Europe, first to Vienna and finally to London in 1879. He took a job with Fairholme \& Co., stationers in Shoe Lane, off Holborn; at last Gestetner found an outlet for his inventive genius and he began his life's work in developing stencil duplicating. His first patent was in 1879 for an application of the hectograph, an early method of duplicating documents. In 1881, he patented the toothed-wheel pen, or Cyclostyle, which made good ink-passing perforations in the stencil paper, with which he was able to pioneer the first practicable form of stencil duplicating. He then adopted a better stencil tissue of Japanese paper coated with wax, and later an improved form of pen. This assured the success of Gestetner's form of stencil duplicating and it became established practice in offices in the late 1880s. Gestetner began to manufacture the apparatus in premises in Sun Street, at first under the name of Fairholme, since they had defrayed the patent expenses and otherwise supported him financially, in return for which Gestetner assigned them his patent rights. In 1882 he patented the wheel pen in the USA and appointed an agent to sell the equipment there. In 1884 he moved to larger premises, and three years later to still larger premises. The introduction of the typewriter prompted modifications that enabled stencil duplicating to become both the standard means of printing short runs of copy and an essential piece of equipment in offices. Before the First World War, Gestetner's products were being sold around the world; in fact he created one of the first truly international distribution networks. He finally moved to a large factory to the north-east of London: when his company went public in 1929, it had a share capital of nearly £750,000. It was only with the development of electrostatic photocopying and small office offset litho machines that stencil duplicating began to decline in the 1960s. The firm David Gestetner had founded adapted to the new conditions and prospers still, under the direction of his grandson and namesake.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.B.Proudfoot, 1972, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating London: Hutchinson (gives a good account of the method and the development of the Gestetner process, together with some details of his life).
    H.V.Culpan, 1951, "The House of Gestetner", in Gestetner 70th Anniversary Celebration Brochure, London: Gestetner.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gestetner, David

  • 20 अग्निः _agniḥ

    अग्निः [अङ्गति ऊर्ध्वं गच्छति अङ्ग्-नि,नलोपश्च Uṇ.4.5., or fr. अञ्च् 'to go.']
    1 Fire कोप˚, चिन्ता˚, शोक˚, ज्ञान˚, राज˚, &c.
    -2 The God of fire.
    -3 Sacrificial fire of three kinds (गार्हपत्य, आहवनीय and दक्षिण); पिता बै गार्हपत्यो$ ग्निर्माताग्निर्दक्षिणः स्मृतः । गुरुराहवनीयस्तु साग्नित्रेता गरीयसी ॥ Ms. 2.232.
    -4 The fire of the stomach, digestive faculty, gastric fluid.
    -5 Bile (नाभेरूर्ध्व हृदयादधस्तादामाशयमाचक्षते तद्गतं सौरं तेजः पित्तम् इत्याचक्षते).
    -6 Cauterization (अग्नि- कर्मन्).
    -7 Gold.
    -8 The number three. शराग्निपरिमाणम् (पञ्चत्रिंशत्) Mb.13.17.26.
    -9 N. of various plants: (a) चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica; (b) रक्तचित्रक; (c) भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium; (d) निम्बक Citrus Acida.
    -1 A mystical substitute for the letter र्. In Dvandva comp. as first member with names of deities, and with particular words अग्नि is changed to अग्ना, as ˚विष्णू, ˚मरुतौ, or to अग्नी, ˚पर्जन्यौ, ˚ वरुणौ, ˚षोमौ
    -11 पिङगला नाडी; यत्र तद् ब्रह्म निर्द्वन्द्वं यत्र सोमः, (इडा) सहाग्निना (अग्निः पिङ्गला) Mb.14.2.1.
    -12 Sacrificial altar, अग्निकुण्ड cf. Rām. 1.14.28.
    -13 Sky. अग्निर्मूर्धा Muṇḍ 2.1.4. [cf. L. ignis.
    [Agni is the God of Fire, the Ignis of the Latins and Ogni of the Slavonians. He is one of the most prominent deities of the Ṛigveda. He, as an immortal, has taken up his abode among mortals as their guest; he is the domestic priest, the successful accomplisher and protector of all ceremonies; he is also the religious leader and preceptor of the gods, a swift messenger employed to announce to the immortals the hymns and to convey to them the oblations of their worshippers, and to bring them down from the sky to the place of sacrifice. He is sometimes regarded as the mouth and the tongue through which both gods and men participate in the sacrifices. He is the lord, protector and leader of people, monarch of men, the lord of the house, friendly to mankind, and like a father, mother, brother &c. He is represented as being produced by the attrition of two pieces of fuel which are regarded as husband and wife. Sometimes he is considered to have been brought down from heaven or generated by Indra between two clouds or stones, created by Dyau, or fashioned by the gods collectively. In some passages he is represented as having a triple existence, which may mean his three- fold manifestations as the sun in heaven, lightning in the atmosphere, and as ordinary fire on the earth, although the three appearances are also elsewhere otherwise explained. His epithets are numberless and for the most part descriptive of his physical characteristics: धूमकेतु, हुतभुज्, शुचि, रोहिताश्व, सप्तजिह्व, तोमरधर, घृतान्न, चित्रभानु, ऊर्ध्वशोचिस्, शोचिष्केश, हरिकेश, हिरण्यदन्त, अयोदंष्ट्र &c. In a celebrated passage he is said to have 4 horns, 3 feet, 2 heads, and 7 hands. The highest divine functions are ascribed to Agni. He is said to have spread out the two worlds and + produced them, to have supported heaven, formed the mundane regions and luminaries of heaven, to have begotten Mitra and caused the sun to ascend the sky. He is the head and summit of the sky, the centre of the earth. Earth, Heaven and all beings obey his commands. He knows and sees all worlds or creatures and witnesses all their actions. The worshippers of Agni prosper, they are wealthy and live long. He is the protector of that man who takes care to bring him fuel. He gives him riches and no one can overcome him who sacrifices to this god. He confers, and is the guardian of, immortality. He is like a water-trough in a desert and all blessing issue from him. He is therefore constantly supplicated for all kinds of boons, riches, food, deliverance from enemies and demons, poverty, reproach, childlessness, hunger &c. Agni is also associated with Indra in different hymns and the two gods are said to be twin brothers.
    Such is the Vedic conception of Agni; but in the course of mythological personifications he appears as the eldest son of Brahmā and is called Abhimānī [Viṣṇu Purāṇa]. His wife was Svāhā; by her, he had 3 sons - Pāvaka, Pavamāna and Śuchi; and these had forty-five sons; altogether 49 persons who are considered identical with the 49 fires. He is also represented as a son of Aṅgiras, as a king of the Pitṛs or Manes, as a Marut and as a grandson of Śāṇḍila, and also as a star. The Harivaṁśa describes him as clothed in black, having smoke for his standard and head-piece and carrying a flaming javelin. He is borne in a chariot drawn by red horses and the 7 winds are the wheels of his car. He is accompanied by a ram and sometimes he is represented as riding on that animal. Agni was appointed by Brahamā as the sovereign of the quarter between the south and east, whence the direction is still known as Āgneyī. The Mahābhārata represents Agni as having exhausted his vigour and become dull by devouring many oblations at the several sacrifices made by king Śvetaki, but he recruited his strength by devouring the whole Khāṇḍava forest; for the story see the word खाण्डव].
    -Comp. -अ (आ) गारम् -रः, -आलयः, -गृहम् [अग्निकार्याय अगारम् शाक˚ त.] a fire- sanctuary, house or place for keeping the sacred fire; वसंश्चतुर्थो$ग्निरिवाग्न्यगारे R.5.25. रथाग्न्यगारं चापार्चीं शरशक्तिगदे- न्धनम् Mb.11.25.14.
    -अस्त्रम् fire-missile, a rocket,
    -आत्मक a. [अग्निरात्मा यस्य] of the nature of fire सोमा- त्मिका स्त्री, ˚कः पुमान्.
    -आधानम् consecrating the fire; so ˚आहिति.
    -आधेयः [अग्निराधेयो येन] a Brāhmana who maintains the sacred fire. (
    -यम्) =
    ˚आधानम्. -आहितः [अग्निराहितो येन, वा परनिपातः P.II.2.37.] one who maintains the sacred fire; See आहिताग्नि.
    -इध् m. (अग्नीध्रः) [अग्निम् इन्द्धे स अग्नीध्] the priest who kindles fire (mostly Ved).
    -इन्धनः [अग्निरिध्यते अनेन] N. of a Mantra. (नम्) kindling the fire; अग्नीन्धनं भैक्षचर्याम् Ms.2.18.
    -उत्पातः [अग्निना दिव्यानलेन कृतः उत्पातः] a fiery portent, meteor, comet &c. In Bṛ. S.33 it is said to be of five kinds: दिवि भुक्तशुभफलानां पततां रूपाणि यानि तान्युल्काः । धिष्ण्योल्का- शनिविद्युत्तारा इति पञ्चधा भिन्नाः ॥ उल्का पक्षेण फलं तद्वत् धिष्ण्याशनिस्त्रिभिः पक्षैः । विद्युदहोभिः ष़ड्भिस्तद्वत्तारा विपाचयति ॥ Different fruits are said to result from the appearances of these portents, according to the nature of their colour, position &c.
    -उद्धरणम्, -उद्धारः 1 producing fire by the friction of two araṇis.
    -2 taking out, before sun-rise, the sacred fire from its cover of ashes previous to a sacrifice.
    -उपस्थानम् worship of Agni; the Mantra or hymn with which Agni is worshipped (अग्निरुपस्थीयते$नेन) अग्निस्त्रिष्टुभ् उपस्थाने विनियोगः Sandhyā.
    -एधः [अग्निमेधयति] an incendiary.
    -कणः; -स्तोकः a spark.
    -कर्मन् n. [अग्नौ कर्म स. त.]
    1 cauterization.
    -2 action of fire.
    -3 oblation to Agni, worship of Agni (अग्निहोत्र); so ˚कार्य offering oblations to fire, feeding fire with ghee &c.; निर्वर्तिताग्निकार्यः K.16.; ˚र्यार्धदग्ध 39, Ms.3.69, अग्निकार्यं ततः कुर्यात्सन्ध्ययोरुभयोरपि । Y.1.25.
    -कला a part (or appearance) of fire; ten varieties are mentioned धूम्रार्चिरुष्मा ज्वलिनी ज्वालिनी विस्फु- लिङ्गिनी । सुश्री: सुरूपा कपिला हव्यकव्यवहे अपि ॥ यादीनां दश- वर्णानां कला धर्मप्रदा अमूः ।).
    -कारिका [अग्निं करोति आधत्ते करणे कर्तृत्वोपचारात् कर्तरि ण्वुल्]
    1 the means of consecrating the sacred fire, the Ṛik called अग्नीध्र which begins with अग्निं दूतं पुरो दधे. 2. = अग्निकार्यम्.
    -काष्ठम् अग्नेः उद्दीपनं काष्ठं शाक ˚त.] agallochum (अगुरु)
    -कुक्कुटः [अग्नेः कुक्कुट इव रक्तवर्णस्फुलिङ्गत्वात्] a firebrand, lighted wisp of straw.
    -कुण्डम [अग्नेराधानार्थं कुण्डम्] an enclosed space for keeping the fire, a fire-vessel.
    -कुमारः, -तनयः; सुतः 1 N. of Kārttikeya said to be born from fire; Rām.7. See कार्त्तिकेय.
    -2 a kind of preparation of medicinal drugs.
    -कृतः Cashew-nut; the plant Anacardium occidentale. [Mar.काजू]
    -केतुः [अग्नेः केतुरिव]
    1 smoke.
    -2 N. of two Rākṣasas on the side of Rāvaṇa and killed by Rāma.
    -कोणः -दिक् the south-east corner ruled over by Agni; इन्द्रो वह्निः पितृपतिर्नौर्ऋतो वरुणो मरुत् । कुबेर ईशः पतयः पूर्वादीनां दिशां क्रमात् ॥
    -क्रिया [अग्निना निर्वर्तिता क्रिया, शाक. त.]
    1 obsequies, funeral ceremonies.
    -2 branding; भेषजाग्निक्रियासु च Y.3.284.
    -क्रीडा [तृ. त.] fire-works, illuminations.
    -गर्भ a. [अग्निर्गर्भे यस्य] pregnant with or containing fire, having fire in the interior; ˚र्भां शमीमिव Ś 4.3. (
    --र्भः) [अग्निरिव जारको गर्भो यस्य]
    1 N. of the plant Agnijāra.
    -2 the sun stone, name of a crystal supposed to contain and give out fire when touched by the rays of the sun; cf Ś2.7.
    -3 the sacrificial stick अरणि which when churned, gives out fire.
    (-र्भा) 1 N. of the Śamī plant as containing fire (the story of how Agni was discovered to exist in the interior of the Śamī plant is told in chap. 35 of अनु- शासनपर्व in Mb.)
    -2 N. of the earth (अग्नेः सकाशात् गर्भो यस्यां सा; when the Ganges threw the semen of Śiva out on the Meru mountain, whatever on earth &c. was irradiated by its lustre, became gold and the earth was thence called वसुमती)
    -3 N. of the plant महा- ज्योतिष्मती लता (अग्निरिव गर्भो मध्यभागो यस्याः सा) [Mar. माल- कांगोणी]
    -ग्रन्थः [अग्निप्रतिपादको ग्रन्थः शाक. त.] the work that treats of the worship of Agni &c.
    -घृतम् [अग्न्युद्दीपनं घृतं शाक. त.] a kind of medicinal preparation of ghee used to stimulate the digestive power.
    -चित् m. अग्निं चितवान्; चि-भूतार्थे क्विप् P.III.2.91] one who has kept the sacred fire; यतिभिः सार्धमनग्निमग्निचित् R.8.25; अध्वरे- ष्वग्निचित्वत्सु Bk.5.11.
    -चयः, -चयनम्, -चित्या. arranging or keeping the sacred fire (अग्न्याधान); चित्याग्निचित्ये च P.III.1.132.
    -2 (
    -यः, -यनः) the Mantra used in this operation.
    -3 a heap of fire
    -चित्वत् [अग्निचयनम् अस्त्यस्मिन् मतुप्; मस्य वः । तान्तत्वान्न पद- त्वम् Tv.] having अग्निचयन or अग्निचित्.
    -चूडः A bird having a red tuft.
    -चर्णम् gunpowder. कार्यासमर्थः कत्यस्ति शस्त्रगोलाग्निचूर्णयुक् Śukranīti 2.93.
    -ज, -जात a. produced by or from fire, born from fire.
    (-जः, -जातः) 1 N. of the plant अग्निजार (अग्नये अग्न्युद्दीपनाय जायते सेवनात् प्रभवति).
    1 N. of Kārttikeya पराभिनत्क्रौञ्चमिवाद्रिमग्निजः Mb.8.9. 68.3. Viṣṇu. (
    -जम्, -जातम) gold; so ˚जन्मन्.
    -जित् m. God; Bhāg.8.14.4.
    -जिह्व a.
    1 having a fiery tongue.
    -2 one having fire for the tongue, epithet of a God or of Visṇu in the boar incarnation. (
    -ह्वा)
    1 a tongue or flame of fire.
    -2 one of the 7 tongues of Agni (कराली धूमिनी श्वेता लोहिता नीललोहिता । सुवर्णा पद्मरागा च जिह्वा: सप्त विभावसोः
    -3 N. of a plant लाङ्गली (अग्नेर्जिह्वेव शिखा यस्याः सा); of another plant (जलपिप्पली) or गजपिप्पली (विषलाङ्गला) (Mar. जल-गज पिंपळी)
    -ज्वाला 1 the flame or glow of fire.
    -2 [अग्नेर्ज्वालेव शिखा यस्याः सा] N. of a plant with red blossoms, chiefly used by dyers, Grislea Tomentosa (Mar. धायफूल, धायटी).
    -तप् a. [अग्निना तप्यते; तप्-क्विप्] having the warmth of fire; practising austerities by means of fire.
    -तपस् a. [अग्निभिः तप्यते]
    1 practising very aus- tere penance, standing in the midst of the five fires.
    -2 glowing, shining or burning like fire (तपतीति तपाः अग्निरिव तपाः) hot as fire
    -तेजस् a. having the lustre or power of fire. (अग्नेरिव तेजो यस्य). (
    -स् n.) the lustre of fire. (
    -स् m.) N. of one of the 7 Ṛiṣis of the 11th Manvantara.
    -त्रयम् the three fires, See under अग्नि.
    - a. [अग्निं दाहार्थं गृहादौ ददाति; दा. -क.]
    1 giving or supplying with fire
    -2 tonic, stomachic, producing appetite, stimulating digestion.
    -3 incendiary; अग्निदान् भक्तदांश्चैव Ms.9.278; अग्निदानां च ये लोकाः Y.2.74; so ˚दायक, ˚दायिन्. यदग्निदायके पापं यत्पापं गुरुतल्पगे. Rām.2.75.45.
    -दग्ध a.
    1 burnt on the funeral pile; अग्निदग्धाश्च ये जीवा ये$प्यदग्धाः कुले मम Vāyu. P.
    -2 burnt with fire.
    -3 burnt at once without having fire put into the mouth, being destitute of issue (?); (pl.) a class of Manes or Pitṛis who, when alive, kept up the household flame and presented oblations to fire.
    -दमनी [अग्निर्दम्यते$नया; दम्-णिच् करणे ल्युट] a narcotic plant, Solanum Jacquini. [Mar. रिंगणी]
    -दातृ [अग्निं विधानेन ददाति] one who performs the last (funeral) ceremonies of a man; यश्चाग्निदाता प्रेतस्य पिण्डं दद्यात्स एव हि.
    -दीपन a. [अग्निं दीपयति] stimulating digestion, stomachic, tonic.
    -दीप्त a. [तृ. त्त.] glowing, set on fire, blazing (
    -प्ता) [अग्निर्जठरानलो दीप्तः सेवनात् यस्याः सा] N. of a plant ज्योतिष्मती लता (Mar. मालकांगोणी), which is said to stimulate digestion.
    -दीप्तिः f. active state of digestion.
    -दूत a. अग्निर्दूत इव यस्मिन् यस्य वा] having Agni for a messenger, said of the sacrifice or the deity invoked; यमं ह यज्ञो गच्छत्यग्निदूतो अरंकृतः Rv.1.14.13.
    -दूषितः a. branded.
    -देवः [अग्नि- रेव देवः] Agni; a worshipper of Agni.
    -देवा [अग्निर्देवो यस्याः] the third lunar mansion, the Pleiades (कृत्तिका).
    -द्वारम् the door on the south-east of a building; पूर्व- द्वारमथैशाने चाग्निद्वारं तु दक्षिणे । Māna.9.294-95.
    -धानम् [अग्निर्धियते$स्मिन्] the place or receptacle for keeping the sacred fire, the house of अग्निहोतृ; पदं कृणुते अग्निधाने Rv. 1.165.3.
    -धारणम् maintaining the sacred fire; व्रतिनां ˚णम् K. 55.
    -नयनम् = ˚प्रणयनम्.
    -निर्यासः [अग्नेर्ज- ठरानलस्येव दीपको निर्यासो यस्य] N. of the plant अग्निजार.
    -नेत्र a. [अग्निर्नेता यस्य] having Agni for the leader or conveyer of oblations, an epithet of a god in general.
    -पदम् 1 the word Agni.
    -2 fire-place.
    -3 N. of a plant.
    -परिक्रि-ष्क्रि-या care of the sacred fire, worship of fire, offering oblations; गृहार्थो$ग्निपरिष्क्रिया Ms.2.67.
    -परिच्छदः the whole sacrificial apparatus; गृह्यं चाग्निपरिच्छदम् Ms.6. 4.
    -परिधानम् enclosing the sacrificial fire with a kind of screen.
    -परीक्षा [तृ. त.] ordeal by fire.
    -पर्वतः [अग्निसाधनं पर्वतः] a volcano; महता ज्वलता नित्यमग्निमेवाग्नि- पर्वतः Rām.5.35.43.
    -पुच्छः [अग्नेः अग्न्याधानस्थानस्य पुच्छ इव]. tail or back part of the sacrificial place; the extinction of fire.
    -पुराणम् [अग्निना प्रोक्तं पुराणम्] one of the 18 Purāṇas ascribed to Vyāsa. It derives its name from its having been communicated originally by Agni to the sage Vasiṣṭha for the purpose of instructing him in the two-fold knowledge of Brahman. Its stanzas are said to be 145. Its contents are varied. It has portions on ritual and mystic worship, cosmical descriptions, chapters on the duties of Kings and the art of war, a chapter on law, some chapters on Medicine and some treatises on Rhetoric, Prosody, Grammar, Yoga, Brahmavidyā &c. &c.
    -प्रणयनम् bringing out the sacrificial fire and consecrating it according to the proper ritual.
    -प्रणिधिः Incendiary. Dk.2.8.
    -प्रतिष्ठा consecration of fire, especially the nuptial fire.
    -प्रवेशः; -शनम [स. त.] entering the fire, self-immolation of a widow on the funeral pile of her husband.
    -प्रस्कन्दनम् violation of the duties of a sacrificer (अग्निहोमाकरण); ˚परस्त्वं चाप्येवं भविष्यसि Mb.1.84.26.
    -प्रस्तरः [अग्निं प्रस्तृणाति अग्नेः प्रस्तरो वा] a flint, a stone producing fire.
    -बाहुः [अग्ने- र्बाहुरिव दीर्घशिखत्वात्]
    1 smoke.
    -2 N. of a son of the first Manu; Hariv. N. of a son of Priyavrata and Kāmyā. V. P.
    -बीजम् 1 the seed of Agni; (fig.) gold (रुद्रतेजः समुद्भूतं हेमबीजं विभावसोः)
    -2 N. of the letter र्.
    -भम [अग्नि- रिव भाति; भा-क.]
    1 'shining like fire,' gold.
    -2 N. of the constellation कृत्तिका.
    -भु n. [अग्नेर्भवति; भू-क्विप् ह्रस्वान्तः]
    1 water.
    -2 gold.
    -भू a. [अग्नेर्भवतिः भू-क्विप्] produced from fire.
    (भूः) 1 'fire-born,' N. of Kārttikeya.
    -2 N. of a teacher (काश्यप) who was taught by Agni.
    -3 (arith.) six.
    -भूति a. produced from fire. (
    -तिः) [अग्निरिव भूतिरैश्वर्यं यस्य] N. of a pupil of the last Tīrthaṅkara. (
    -तिः) f. the lustre or might of fire.
    -भ्राजस् a. Ved. [अग्निरिव भ्राजते; भ्राज्-असुन्] shining like fire. अग्निभ्राजसो विद्युतः Ṛv.5.54.11.
    -मणिः [अग्नेरुत्थापको मणिः शाक. त.] the sunstone.
    -मथ् m. [अग्निं मथ्नाति निष्पादयति; मन्थ्-क्विप्- नलोपः]
    1 the sacrificer who churns the fuel-stick.
    -2 the Mantra used in this operation, on the अरणि itself.
    -मन्थः, -न्थनम्, producing fire by friction; or the Mantra used in this operation. (
    -न्थः) [अग्निर्मथ्यते अनेन मन्थ्-करणे घञ्] N. of a tree गणिकारिका (Mar. नरवेल) Premna Spinosa (तत्काष्ठयोर्घर्षणे हि आशु वह्निरुत्पद्यते),
    -मान्द्यम् slowness of digestion, loss of appetite, dyspepsia.
    -मारुतिः अग्निश्च मरुच्च तयोरपत्यं इञ् ततो वृद्धिः इत् च; द्विपदवृद्धौ पृषो. पूर्वपदस्य ह्रस्वः Tv.] N. of the sage Agastya.
    -मित्रः N. of a king of the Śunga dynasty, son of Puṣypamitra who must have flourished before 15 B. C. -the usually accepted date of Patañjali-as the latter mentions पुष्यमित्र by name.
    -मुखः a. having Agni at the head. (
    -खः) [अग्निर्मुखमिव यस्य]
    1 a deity, god, (for the gods receive oblations through Agni who is, therefore, said to be their mouth; अग्निमुखा वै देवाः; अग्निर्मुखं प्रथमं देवतानाम् &c; or अग्निर्मुखे अग्रे येषाम्, for fire is said to have been created before all other gods.)
    -2 [अग्निर्मुखं प्रधानमुपास्यो यस्य] one who maintains the sacred fire (अग्निहोतृद्विज)
    -3 a Brāhmaṇa in general (अग्निर्दाहकत्वात् शापाग्निर्मुखे यस्य for Brāhmaṇas are said to be वाग्वज्राः).
    -4 N. of two plants चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica and भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium अग्निरिव स्पर्शात् दुःखदायकं मुखमग्रम् यस्य, तन्निर्यासस्पर्शेन हि देहे क्षतोत्पत्तेस्थयोस्तथात्वम्)
    -5 a sort of powder or चूर्ण prescribed as a tonic by चक्रदत्त
    -6 'fire- mouthed, sharp-biting, an epithet of a bug. Pt. 1. (
    -खी) अग्निरिव मुखमग्रं यस्याः; गौरादि-ङीष्]
    1 N. of a plant भल्लातक (Mar. बिबवा, भिलावा) and लाङ्गलिका (विषलाङ्गला).
    -2 N. of the Gāyatri Mantra (अग्निरेव मुखं मुखत्वेन कल्पितं यस्याः सा, or अग्नेरिव मुखं प्रजापतिमुखं उत्पत्ति- द्वारं यस्याः, अग्निना समं प्रजापतिमुखजातत्वात्; कदाचिदपि नो विद्वान् गायत्रीमुदके जपेत् । गायत्र्याग्निमुखी यस्मात्तस्मादुत्थाय तां जपेत् ॥ गोभिल).
    -3 a kitchen [पाकशाला अग्निरिव उत्तप्तं मुखं यस्याः सा].
    -मूढ a. [तृ. त.] Ved. made insane or stupefied by lightning or fire.
    -यन्त्रम् A gun अग्नियन्त्रधरैश्चक्रधरैश्च पुरुषैर्वृतः Śivabhārata 12.17.
    -यानम् An aeroplane. व्योमयानं विमानं स्यात् अग्नियानं तदेव हि । अगस्त्यसंहिता.
    -योगः See पञ्चाग्निसाधन. अग्नियोगवहो ग्रीष्मे विधिदृष्टेन कर्मणा । चीर्त्वा द्वादशवर्षाणि राजा भवति पार्थिवः ॥ Mb.13.14,2.43.
    -योजनम् causing the sacrificial fire to blaze up.
    -रक्षणम् 1 con- secrating or preserving the sacred (domestic) fire or अग्निहोत्र.
    -2 [अग्निः रक्ष्यते अनेन अत्र वा] a Mantra securing for Agni protection from evil spirits &c.
    -3 the house of an अग्निहोतृ.
    -रजः, -रजस् m. [अग्निरिव रज्यते दीप्यते; रञ्ज्-असुन् नलोपः]
    1 a scarlet insect by name इन्द्रगोप.
    -2 (अग्नेः रजः) the might or power of Agni.
    -3 gold. Mb.3. 16.86.7
    -रहस्यम् mystery of (worshipping &c.) Agni; N. of the tenth book of Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.
    -राशिः a heap of fire, burning pile.
    -रुहा [अग्निरिव रोहति रुह्-क] N. of the plant मांसादनी or मांसरोहिणी (तदङ्कुरस्य वह्नितुल्य- वर्णतया उत्पन्नत्वात्तथात्वं तस्याः).
    -रूप a. [अग्नेरिव रूपं वर्णो यस्य] fire-shaped; of the nature of fire.
    -रूपम् the nature of fire.
    -रेतस् n. the seed of Agni; (hence) gold.
    -रोहिणी [अग्निरिव रोहति; रुह्-णिनि] a hard inflammatory swelling in the armpit.
    -लोकः the world a Agni, which is situated below the summit of Meru; in the Purāṇas it is said to be in the अन्तरिक्ष, while in the Kāśī Khaṇḍa it is said to be to the south of इन्द्रपुरी; एतस्या दक्षिणे भागे येयं पूर्दृश्यते शुभा । इमामर्चिष्मतीं पश्य वीतिहोत्रपुरीं शुभाम् ॥
    -वधूः Svāhā, the daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Agni
    -वर्चस् a. [अग्नेर्वर्च इव वर्चो यस्य] glowing or bright like fire. (n.) the lustre of Agni. (-m.) N. of a teacher of the Purāṇas.
    -वर्ण a. [अग्नेरिव वर्णो यस्य] of the colour of fire; hot; fiery; सुरां पीत्वा द्विजो मोहादग्निवर्णां सुरां पिबेत् Ms.11.9; गोमूत्रमग्निवर्णं वा पिबेदुदकमेव वा 91.
    (र्णः) 1 N. of a prince, son of Sudarśana.
    -2 N. of a King of the solar race, See R.19.1. the colour of fire. (
    -र्णा) a strong liquor.
    -वर्धक a. stimulating digestion, tonic.
    (-कः) 1 a tonic.
    -2 regimen, diet (पथ्याहार).
    -वल्लभः [अग्नेर्वल्लभः सुखेन दाह्यत्वात्]
    1 the Śāla tree, Shorea Robusta.
    -2 the resinous juice of it.
    -वासस् a. [अग्निरिव शुद्धं वासो यस्य] having a red (pure like Agni) garment. (n.) a pure garment.
    -वाह a. [अग्निं वाहयति अनुमापयति वा]
    1 smoke.
    -2 a goat.
    -वाहनम् a goat (छाग).
    -विद् m.
    1 one who knows the mystery about Agni.
    -2 an अग्निहोत्रिन् q. v.
    -विमोचनम् ceremony of lowering the sacrificial fire.
    -विसर्पः pain from an inflamed tumour, inflammation.
    -विहरणम्, -विहारः 1 taking the sacrificial fire from आग्नीध्र to the उत्तरवेदि.
    -2 offering oblations to fire; प्रत्यासन्ना ˚वेला K.348.
    -वीर्यम् 1 power or might of Agni.
    -2 gold.
    -वेतालः Name of Vetāla (connected with the story of Vikra- māditya).
    -वेशः [अग्नेर्वेश इव] N. of an ancient medical authority (चरक).
    -वेश्मन् m. the fourteenth day of the karma-ṃāsa; Sūryaprajñapti.
    -वेश्यः 1 N. of a teacher, Mbh.
    -2 Name of the 22nd muhūrta; Sūryapraj- ñapti. धौम्य cf. Mb 14.64.8.
    -शरणम्, -शाला-लम् a fire-sanctuary; ˚मार्गमादेशय Ś.5; a house or place for keeping the sacred fire; ˚रक्षणाय स्थापितो$हम् V.3.
    -शर्मन् a. [अग्निरिव शृणाति तीव्रकोपत्वात् शॄ-मनिन्] very passionate. (-m.) N. of a sage.
    -शिख a. [अग्नेरिव अग्निरिव वा शिखा यस्य] fiery, fire-crested; दहतु ˚खैः सायकैः Rām.
    (-खः) 1 a lamp.
    -2 a rocket, fiery arrow.
    -3 an arrow in general.
    -4 safflower plant.
    -5 saffron.
    -6 जाङ्गलीवृक्ष.
    (-खम्) 1 saffron.
    -2 gold.
    (-खा) 1 a flame; शरैरग्निशिखोपमैः Mb.
    -2 N. of two plants लाङ्गली (Mar. वागचबका or कळलावी) Gloriosa Superba; of other plants (also Mar. कळलावी) Meni- spermum Cordifolium.
    -शुश्रूषा careful service or worship of fire.
    -शेखर a. fire-crested. (
    -रः) N. of the कुसुम्भ, कुङ्कुम and जाङ्गली trees (
    -रम्) gold,
    -शौच a. [अग्नेरिव शौचं यस्य] bright as fire; purified by fire K.252.
    -श्री a. [अग्नेरिव श्रीर्यस्य] glowing like fire; lighted by Agni
    -ष्टुत्, -ष्टुभ, -ष्टोम &c. see ˚ स्तुत्, ˚स्तुभ् &c.
    -ष्ठम् 1 kitchen; अग्निष्ठेष्वग्निशालासु Rām.6.1.16.
    -2 a fire-pan.
    -संयोगाः explosives. Kau. A.2.3.
    -ष्वात्तः see स्वात्तः
    -संस्कारः 1 consecration of fire.
    -2 hallowing or con- secrating by means of fire; burning on the funeral pile; यथार्हं ˚रं मालवाय दत्वा Dk.169; नास्य कार्यो$ग्निसंस्कारः Ms.5.69, पितरीवाग्निसंस्कारात्परा ववृतिरे क्रियाः । R.12.56.
    -सखः; -सहायः 1 the wind.
    -2 the wild pigeon (smoke- coloured).
    -3 smoke.
    -सम्भव a. [प. ब.] sprung or pro- duced from fire.
    (-वः) 1 wild safflower.
    -2 lymph, result of digestion. (
    -वम्) gold.
    -साक्षिक [अग्निः साक्षी यत्र, कप्] a. or adv. keeping fire for a witness, in the presence of fire; पञ्चबाण˚ M.4.12. ˚मर्यादो भर्ता हि शरणं स्त्रियाः H.1.v. l, R.11.48.
    -सारम् [अग्नौ सारं यस्य अत्यन्तानलोत्तापनेपि सारांशादहनात् Tv.] रसाञ्जन, a sort of medical preparation for the eyes. (
    -रः -रम्) power or essence of fire.
    -सुतः Kārttikeya; त्वामद्य निहनिष्यामि क्रौञ्चमग्निसुतो यथा । Mb.7.156.93.
    -सूत्रम् a thread of fire.
    -2 a girdle of sacrificial grass (मौञ्जीमेखला) put upon a young Brāhmaṇa at the time of investiture.
    -सूनुः (See -सुतः), (सेनानीरग्निभूर्गुहः । Amar.); देव्यङ्कसंविष्ट- मिवाग्निसूनुम् । Bu. ch.1.67.
    -स्तम्भः 1 stopping the burning power of Agni.
    -2 N. of a Mantra used in this operation.
    -3 N. of a medicine so used.
    -स्तुत् m. (अग्निष्टुत्) [अग्निः स्तूयते$त्र; स्तु-आधारे क्विप् षत्वम्] the first day of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice; N. of a por- tion of that sacrifice which extends over one day; यजेत वाश्वमेधेन स्वर्जिता गोसवेन वा । अभिजिद्विश्वजिद्भ्यां वा त्रिवृता- ग्निष्टुतापि वा ॥ Ms.11.74.
    -स्तुभ् (˚ष्टुभ्) m. [अग्निः स्तुभ्यते$त्र; स्तुभ्-क्विप् षत्वम्]
    1 = अग्निष्टोम.
    -2 N. of a son of the sixth Manu.
    -रतोमः (˚ष्टोमः) [अग्नेः स्तोमः स्तुतिसाधनं यत्र]
    1 N. of a protracted ceremony or sacrificeial rite extending over several days in spring and forming an essential part of the ज्योतिष्टोम.
    -2 a Mantra or Kalpa with reference to this sacrifice; ˚मे भवो मन्त्रः ˚मः; ˚मस्य व्याख्यानम्, कल्पः ˚मः P.IV.3.66. Vārt.
    -3 N. of the son of the sixth Manu.
    -4 a species of the Soma plant; ˚सामन् a part of the Sāma Veda chanted at the conclu- sion of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice.
    -सावर्णिः Name of Manu.
    -स्थ a. (ष्ठ) [अग्नौ स्थातुमर्हति; स्था-क षत्वम्] placed in, over, or near the fire. (ष्ठः) an iron frying-pan; in the अश्वमेध sacrifice the 11th Yūpa which of all the 21 is nearest the fire.
    -स्वात्तः (written both as ˚स्वात्त and ˚ष्वात्त) (pl.) [अग्नितः i. e. श्राद्धीयविप्रकर- रूपानलात् सुष्ठु आत्तं ग्रहणं येषां ते] N. of a class of Pitṛs or Manes who, when living on earth, maintained the sacred or domestic fires, but who did not perform the Agniṣṭoma and other sacrifices. They are regarded as Manes of Gods and Brāhmaṇas and also as descen- dants of Marīchi; Ms.3.195. अग्निष्वात्ताः पितर एह गच्छत Tsy.2.5.12.2. (मनुष्यजन्मन्यग्निष्टोमादियागमकृत्वा स्मार्तकर्मनिष्ठाः सन्तो मृत्वा च पितृत्वं गताः इति सायणः).
    -हुत्, -होतृ Ved. sacrificing to Agni, having Agni for a priest; Rv.1.66.8.
    -होत्रम् [अग्नये हूयते$त्र, हु-त्र, च. त.]
    1 an oblation to Agni (chiefly of milk, oil and sour gruel.).
    -2 maintenance of the sacred fire and offering oblation to it; (अग्नये होत्रं होमो$स्मिन् कर्मणीति अग्निहोत्रमिति कर्मनाम); or the sacred fire itself; तपोवनाग्निहोत्रधूमलेखासु K.26. होता स्यात् ˚त्रस्य Ms.11.36. ˚त्रमुपासते 42; स्त्रीं दाहयेत् ˚त्रेण Ms.5.167,6.4, दाहयित्वाग्निहोत्रेण स्त्रियं वृत्तवतीम् Y.1.89. The time of throwing oblations into the fire is, as ordained by the sun himself, evening (अग्नये सायं जुहुयात् सूर्याय प्रातर्जुहुयात्). Agnihotra is of two kinds; नित्य of constant obligation (यावज्जीवमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति) and काम्य occasional or optional (उपसद्भिश्चरित्वा मासमेकमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति). (
    -त्र) a. Ved.
    1 destined for, connected with, Agnihotra.
    -2 sacrificing to Agni. ˚न्यायः The rule according to which the नित्यकर्मन्s (which are to be performed यावज्जीवम्) are performed at their stipulated or scheduled time only, during one's life time. This is discussed and established by जैमिनि and शबर at Ms.6. 2.23-26. in connection with अग्निहोत्र and other कर्मन्s. ˚हवनी (णी) a ladle used in sacrificial libations, or अग्निहोत्रहविर्ग्रहणी ऋक् Tv.; See हविर्ग्रहणी; ˚हुत् offering the अग्निहोत्र; ˚आहुतिः invocation or oblation connected with अग्निहोत्र.
    -होत्रिन् a. [अग्निहोत्र-मत्वर्थे इनि]
    1 one who practises the Agnihotra, or consecrates and maintains the sacred fire.
    -2 one who has prepared the sacrifi- cial place.
    -होत्री Sacrificial cow; तामग्निहोत्रीमृषयो जगृहु- र्ब्रह्मवादिनः Bhāg.8.8.2.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अग्निः _agniḥ

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